Polymorphic Associations

Summary: always use separate tables instead of polymorphic associations.

Rails makes it possible to define so called "polymorphic associations". This usually works by adding two columns to a table: a target type column, and a target ID. For example, at the time of writing we have such a setup for members with the following columns:

source_type: a string defining the model to use, can be either Project or Namespace.
source_id: the ID of the row to retrieve based on source_type. For example, when source_type is Project then source_id will contain a project ID.

While such a setup may appear to be useful, it comes with many drawbacks; enough that you should avoid this at all costs.

Space Wasted

Because this setup relies on string values to determine the model to use it will end up wasting a lot of space. For example, for Project and Namespace the maximum size is 9 bytes, plus 1 extra byte for every string when using PostgreSQL. While this may only be 10 bytes per row, given enough tables and rows using such a setup we can end up wasting quite a bit of disk space and memory (for any indexes).

Indexes

Because our associations are broken up into two columns this may result in requiring composite indexes for queries to be performed efficiently. While composite indexes are not wrong at all, they can be tricky to set up as the ordering of columns in these indexes is important to ensure optimal performance.

Consistency

One really big problem with polymorphic associations is being unable to enforce data consistency on the database level using foreign keys. For consistency to be enforced on the database level one would have to write their own foreign key logic to support polymorphic associations.

Enforcing consistency on the database level is absolutely crucial for maintaining a healthy environment, and thus is another reason to avoid polymorphic associations.

Query Overhead

When using polymorphic associations you always need to filter using both columns. For example, you may end up writing a query like this:

SELECT *
FROM members
WHERE source_type = 'Project'
AND source_id = 13083;

Here PostgreSQL can perform the query quite efficiently if both columns are indexed, but as the query gets more complex it may not be able to use these indexes efficiently.

Mixed Responsibilities

Similar to functions and classes a table should have a single responsibility: storing data with a certain set of pre-defined columns. When using polymorphic associations you are instead storing different types of data (possibly with different columns set) in the same table.

The Solution

Fortunately there is a very simple solution to these problems: simply use a separate table for every type you would otherwise store in the same table. Using a separate table allows you to use everything a database may provide to ensure consistency and query data efficiently, without any additional application logic being necessary.

Let's say you have a members table storing both approved and pending members, for both projects and groups, and the pending state is determined by the column requested_at being set or not. Schema wise such a setup can lead to various columns only being set for certain rows, wasting space. It's also possible that certain indexes will only be set for certain rows, again wasting space. Finally, querying such a table requires less than ideal queries. For example:

SELECT *
FROM members
WHERE requested_at IS NULL
AND source_type = 'GroupMember'
AND source_id = 4

Instead such a table should be broken up into separate tables. For example, you may end up with 4 tables in this case:

project_members
group_members
pending_project_members
pending_group_members

This makes querying data trivial. For example, to get the members of a group you'd run:

SELECT *
FROM group_members
WHERE group_id = 4

To get all the pending members of a group in turn you'd run:

SELECT *
FROM pending_group_members
WHERE group_id = 4

If you want to get both you can use a UNION, though you need to be explicit about what columns you want to SELECT as otherwise the result set will use the columns of the first query. For example:

SELECT id, 'Group' AS target_type, group_id AS target_id
FROM group_members

UNION ALL

SELECT id, 'Project' AS target_type, project_id AS target_id
FROM project_members

The above example is perhaps a bit silly, but it shows that there's nothing stopping you from merging the data together and presenting it on the same page. Selecting columns explicitly can also speed up queries as the database has to do less work to get the data (compared to selecting all columns, even ones you're not using).

Our schema also becomes easier. No longer do we need to both store and index the source_type column, we can define foreign keys easily, and we don't need to filter rows using the IS NULL condition.

To summarize: using separate tables allows us to use foreign keys effectively, create indexes only where necessary, conserve space, query data more efficiently, and scale these tables more easily (e.g. by storing them on separate disks). A nice side effect of this is that code can also become easier as you won't end up with a single model having to handle different kinds of data.

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