283 lines
12 KiB
Markdown
283 lines
12 KiB
Markdown
# Database Load Balancing **(PREMIUM ONLY)**
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> [Introduced][ee-1283] in [GitLab Premium][eep] 9.0.
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Distribute read-only queries among multiple database servers.
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## Overview
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Database load balancing improves the distribution of database workloads across
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multiple computing resources. Load balancing aims to optimize resource use,
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maximize throughput, minimize response time, and avoid overload of any single
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resource. Using multiple components with load balancing instead of a single
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component may increase reliability and availability through redundancy.
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[_Wikipedia article_][wikipedia]
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When database load balancing is enabled in GitLab, the load is balanced using
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a simple round-robin algorithm, without any external dependencies such as Redis.
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Load balancing is not enabled for Sidekiq as this would lead to consistency
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problems, and Sidekiq mostly performs writes anyway.
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In the following image, you can see the load is balanced rather evenly among
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all the secondaries (`db4`, `db5`, `db6`). Because `SELECT` queries are not
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sent to the primary (unless necessary), the primary (`db3`) hardly has any load.
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## Requirements
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For load balancing to work you will need at least PostgreSQL 9.2 or newer,
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[**MySQL is not supported**][db-req]. You also need to make sure that you have
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at least 1 secondary in [hot standby][hot-standby] mode.
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Load balancing also requires that the configured hosts **always** point to the
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primary, even after a database failover. Furthermore, the additional hosts to
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balance load among must **always** point to secondary databases. This means that
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you should put a load balance in front of every database, and have GitLab connect
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to those load balancers.
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For example, say you have a primary (`db1.gitlab.com`) and two secondaries,
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`db2.gitlab.com` and `db3.gitlab.com`. For this setup you will need to have 3
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load balancers, one for every host. For example:
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- `primary.gitlab.com` forwards to `db1.gitlab.com`
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- `secondary1.gitlab.com` forwards to `db2.gitlab.com`
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- `secondary2.gitlab.com` forwards to `db3.gitlab.com`
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Now let's say that a failover happens and db2 becomes the new primary. This
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means forwarding should now happen as follows:
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- `primary.gitlab.com` forwards to `db2.gitlab.com`
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- `secondary1.gitlab.com` forwards to `db1.gitlab.com`
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- `secondary2.gitlab.com` forwards to `db3.gitlab.com`
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GitLab does not take care of this for you, so you will need to do so yourself.
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Finally, load balancing requires that GitLab can connect to all hosts using the
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same credentials and port as configured in the
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[Enabling load balancing](#enabling-load-balancing) section. Using
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different ports or credentials for different hosts is not supported.
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## Use cases
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- For GitLab instances with thousands of users and high traffic, you can use
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database load balancing to reduce the load on the primary database and
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increase responsiveness, thus resulting in faster page load inside GitLab.
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## Enabling load balancing
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For the environment in which you want to use load balancing, you'll need to add
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the following. This will balance the load between `host1.example.com` and
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`host2.example.com`.
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**In Omnibus installations:**
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1. Edit `/etc/gitlab/gitlab.rb` and add the following line:
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```ruby
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gitlab_rails['db_load_balancing'] = { 'hosts' => ['host1.example.com', 'host2.example.com'] }
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```
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1. Save the file and [reconfigure GitLab][] for the changes to take effect.
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---
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**In installations from source:**
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1. Edit `/home/git/gitlab/config/database.yml` and add or amend the following lines:
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```yaml
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production:
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username: gitlab
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database: gitlab
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encoding: unicode
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load_balancing:
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hosts:
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- host1.example.com
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- host2.example.com
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```
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1. Save the file and [restart GitLab][] for the changes to take effect.
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## Service Discovery
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> [Introduced][ee-5883] in [GitLab Premium][eep] 11.0.
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Service discovery allows GitLab to automatically retrieve a list of secondary
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databases to use, instead of having to manually specify these in the
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`database.yml` configuration file. Service discovery works by periodically
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checking a DNS A record, using the IPs returned by this record as the addresses
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for the secondaries. For service discovery to work, all you need is a DNS server
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and an A record containing the IP addresses of your secondaries.
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To use service discovery you need to change your `database.yml` configuration
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file so it looks like the following:
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```yaml
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production:
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username: gitlab
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database: gitlab
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encoding: unicode
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load_balancing:
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discover:
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nameserver: localhost
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record: secondary.postgresql.service.consul
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record_type: A
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port: 8600
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interval: 60
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disconnect_timeout: 120
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```
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Here the `discover:` section specifies the configuration details to use for
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service discovery.
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### Configuration
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The following options can be set:
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| Option | Description | Default |
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|----------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------|
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| `nameserver` | The nameserver to use for looking up the DNS record. | localhost |
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| `record` | The record to look up. This option is required for service discovery to work. | |
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| `record_type` | Optional record type to look up, this can be either A or SRV (since GitLab 12.3) | A |
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| `port` | The port of the nameserver. | 8600 |
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| `interval` | The minimum time in seconds between checking the DNS record. | 60 |
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| `disconnect_timeout` | The time in seconds after which an old connection is closed, after the list of hosts was updated. | 120 |
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| `use_tcp` | Lookup DNS resources using TCP instead of UDP | false |
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If `record_type` is set to `SRV`, GitLab will continue to use a round-robin algorithm
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and will ignore the `weight` and `priority` in the record. Since SRV records usually
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return hostnames instead of IPs, GitLab will look for the IPs of returned hostnames
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in the additional section of the SRV response. If no IP is found for a hostname, GitLab
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will query the configured `nameserver` for ANY record for each such hostname looking for A or AAAA
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records, eventually dropping this hostname from rotation if it can't resolve its IP.
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The `interval` value specifies the _minimum_ time between checks. If the A
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record has a TTL greater than this value, then service discovery will honor said
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TTL. For example, if the TTL of the A record is 90 seconds, then service
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discovery will wait at least 90 seconds before checking the A record again.
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When the list of hosts is updated, it might take a while for the old connections
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to be terminated. The `disconnect_timeout` setting can be used to enforce an
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upper limit on the time it will take to terminate all old database connections.
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Some nameservers (like [Consul][consul-udp]) can return a truncated list of hosts when
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queried over UDP. To overcome this issue, you can use TCP for querying by setting
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`use_tcp` to `true`.
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### Forking
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If you use an application server that forks, such as Unicorn, you _have to_
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update your Unicorn configuration to start service discovery _after_ a fork.
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Failure to do so will lead to service discovery only running in the parent
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process. If you are using Unicorn, then you can add the following to your
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Unicorn configuration file:
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```ruby
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after_fork do |server, worker|
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defined?(Gitlab::Database::LoadBalancing) &&
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Gitlab::Database::LoadBalancing.start_service_discovery
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end
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```
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This will ensure that service discovery is started in both the parent and all
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child processes.
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## Balancing queries
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Read-only `SELECT` queries will be balanced among all the secondary hosts.
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Everything else (including transactions) will be executed on the primary.
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Queries such as `SELECT ... FOR UPDATE` are also executed on the primary.
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## Prepared statements
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Prepared statements don't work well with load balancing and are disabled
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automatically when load balancing is enabled. This should have no impact on
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response timings.
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## Primary sticking
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After a write has been performed, GitLab will stick to using the primary for a
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certain period of time, scoped to the user that performed the write. GitLab will
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revert back to using secondaries when they have either caught up, or after 30
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seconds.
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## Failover handling
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In the event of a failover or an unresponsive database, the load balancer will
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try to use the next available host. If no secondaries are available the
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operation is performed on the primary instead.
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In the event of a connection error being produced when writing data, the
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operation will be retried up to 3 times using an exponential back-off.
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When using load balancing, you should be able to safely restart a database server
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without it immediately leading to errors being presented to the users.
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## Logging
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The load balancer logs various events in
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[`database_load_balancing.log`](logs.md#database_load_balancinglog-premium-only), such as
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- When a host is marked as offline
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- When a host comes back online
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- When all secondaries are offline
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- When a read is retried on a different host due to a query conflict
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The log is structured with each entry a JSON object containing at least:
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- An `event` field useful for filtering.
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- A human-readable `message` field.
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- Some event-specific metadata. For example, `db_host`
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- Contextual information that is always logged. For example, `severity` and `time`.
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For example:
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```json
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{"severity":"INFO","time":"2019-09-02T12:12:01.728Z","correlation_id":"abcdefg","event":"host_online","message":"Host came back online","db_host":"111.222.333.444","db_port":null,"tag":"rails.database_load_balancing","environment":"production","hostname":"web-example-1","fqdn":"gitlab.example.com","path":null,"params":null}
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```
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## Handling Stale Reads
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> [Introduced][ee-3526] in [GitLab Premium][eep] 10.3.
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To prevent reading from an outdated secondary the load balancer will check if it
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is in sync with the primary. If the data is determined to be recent enough the
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secondary can be used, otherwise it will be ignored. To reduce the overhead of
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these checks we only perform these checks at certain intervals.
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There are three configuration options that influence this behaviour:
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| Option | Description | Default |
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|------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------|
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| `max_replication_difference` | The amount of data (in bytes) a secondary is allowed to lag behind when it hasn't replicated data for a while. | 8 MB |
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| `max_replication_lag_time` | The maximum number of seconds a secondary is allowed to lag behind before we stop using it. | 60 seconds |
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| `replica_check_interval` | The minimum number of seconds we have to wait before checking the status of a secondary. | 60 seconds |
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The defaults should be sufficient for most users. Should you want to change them
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you can specify them in `config/database.yml` like so:
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```yaml
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production:
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username: gitlab
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database: gitlab
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encoding: unicode
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load_balancing:
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hosts:
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- host1.example.com
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- host2.example.com
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max_replication_difference: 16777216 # 16 MB
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max_replication_lag_time: 30
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replica_check_interval: 30
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```
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[hot-standby]: https://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.6/hot-standby.html
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[ee-1283]: https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/merge_requests/1283
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[eep]: https://about.gitlab.com/pricing/
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[reconfigure gitlab]: restart_gitlab.md#omnibus-gitlab-reconfigure "How to reconfigure Omnibus GitLab"
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[restart gitlab]: restart_gitlab.md#installations-from-source "How to restart GitLab"
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[wikipedia]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Load_balancing_(computing)
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[db-req]: ../install/requirements.md#database
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[ee-3526]: https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/merge_requests/3526
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[ee-5883]: https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/merge_requests/5883
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[consul-udp]: https://www.consul.io/docs/agent/dns.html#udp-based-dns-queries
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