debian-mirror-gitlab/doc/gitlab-basics/start-using-git.md

type
howto, tutorial

Start using Git on the command line

While GitLab has a powerful user interface, if you want to use Git itself, you will have to do so from the command line. If you want to start using Git and GitLab together, make sure that you have created and/or signed into an account on GitLab.

Open a shell

Depending on your operating system, you will need to use a shell of your preference. Here are some suggestions:

• Terminal on macOS
• GitBash on Windows
• Linux Terminal on Linux

Check if Git has already been installed

Git is usually preinstalled on Mac and Linux, so run the following command:

git --version

You should receive a message that tells you which Git version you have on your computer. If you don’t receive a "Git version" message, it means that you need to download Git.

After you are finished installing Git, open a new shell and type git --version again to verify that it was correctly installed.

Add your Git username and set your email

It is important to configure your Git username and email address, since every Git commit will use this information to identify you as the author.

In your shell, type the following command to add your username:

git config --global user.name "YOUR_USERNAME"

Then verify that you have the correct username:

git config --global user.name

To set your email address, type the following command:

git config --global user.email "your_email_address@example.com"

To verify that you entered your email correctly, type:

git config --global user.email

You'll need to do this only once, since you are using the --global option. It tells Git to always use this information for anything you do on that system. If you want to override this with a different username or email address for specific projects or repositories, you can run the command without the --global option when you’re in that project, and that will default to --local. You can read more on how Git manages configurations in the Git Config documentation.

Check your information

To view the information that you entered, along with other global options, type:

git config --global --list

Basic Git commands

Start using Git via the command line with the most basic commands as described below.

Initialize a local directory for Git version control

If you have an existing local directory that you want to initialize for version control, use the init command to instruct Git to begin tracking the directory:

git init

This creates a .git directory that contains the Git configuration files.

Once the directory has been initialized, you can add a remote repository and send changes to GitLab.com. You will also need to create a new project in GitLab for your Git repository.

Clone a repository

To start working locally on an existing remote repository, clone it with the command git clone <repository path>. By cloning a repository, you'll download a copy of its files to your local computer, automatically preserving the Git connection with the remote repository.

You can either clone it via HTTPS or SSH. If you chose to clone it via HTTPS, you'll have to enter your credentials every time you pull and push. You can read more about credential storage in the Git Credentials documentation. With SSH, you enter your credentials only once.

You can find both paths (HTTPS and SSH) by navigating to your project's landing page and clicking Clone. GitLab will prompt you with both paths, from which you can copy and paste in your command line.

As an example, consider this repository path:

• HTTPS: https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab.git
• SSH: git@gitlab.com:gitlab-org/gitlab.git

To get started, open a terminal window in the directory you wish to clone the repository files into, and run one of the following commands.

Clone via HTTPS:

git clone https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab.git

Clone via SSH:

git clone git@gitlab.com:gitlab-org/gitlab.git

Both commands will download a copy of the files in a folder named after the project's name. You can then navigate to the directory and start working on it locally.

Switch to the master branch

You are always in a branch when working with Git. The main branch is the master branch, but you can use the same command to switch to a different branch by changing master to the branch name.

git checkout master

Download the latest changes in the project

To work on an up-to-date copy of the project (it is important to do this every time you start working on a project), you pull to get all the changes made by users since the last time you cloned or pulled the project. Use master for the <name-of-branch> to get the main branch code, or the branch name of the branch you are currently working in.

git pull <REMOTE> <name-of-branch>

When you clone a repository, REMOTE is typically origin. This is where the repository was cloned from, and it indicates the SSH or HTTPS URL of the repository on the remote server. <name-of-branch> is usually master, but it may be any existing branch. You can create additional named remotes and branches as necessary.

You can learn more on how Git manages remote repositories in the Git Remote documentation.

View your remote repositories

To view your remote repositories, type:

git remote -v

The -v flag stands for verbose.

Add a remote repository

To add a link to a remote repository:

git remote add <source-name> <repository-path>

You'll use this source name every time you push changes to GitLab.com, so use something easy to remember and type.

Create a branch

To create a new branch, to work from without affecting the master branch, type the following (spaces won't be recognized in the branch name, so you will need to use a hyphen or underscore):

git checkout -b <name-of-branch>

Work on an existing branch

To switch to an existing branch, so you can work on it:

git checkout <name-of-branch>

View the changes you've made

It's important to be aware of what's happening and the status of your changes. When you add, change, or delete files/folders, Git knows about it. To check the status of your changes:

git status

View differences

To view the differences between your local, unstaged changes and the repository versions that you cloned or pulled, type:

git diff

Add and commit local changes

You'll see any local changes in red when you type git status. These changes may be new, modified, or deleted files/folders. Use git add to first stage (prepare) a local file/folder for committing. Then use git commit to commit (save) the staged files:

git add <file-name OR folder-name>
git commit -m "COMMENT TO DESCRIBE THE INTENTION OF THE COMMIT"

Add all changes to commit

To add and commit (save) all local changes quickly:

git add .
git commit -m "COMMENT TO DESCRIBE THE INTENTION OF THE COMMIT"

NOTE: Note: The . character means all file changes in the current directory and all subdirectories.

Send changes to GitLab.com

NOTE: Note: To create a merge request from a fork to an upstream repository, see the forking workflow

To push all local commits (saved changes) to the remote repository:

git push <remote> <name-of-branch>

For example, to push your local commits to the master branch of the origin remote:

git push origin master

Delete all changes in the branch

To delete all local changes in the branch that have not been added to the staging area, and leave unstaged files/folders, type:

git checkout .

Note that this removes changes to files, not the files themselves.

Unstage all changes that have been added to the staging area

To undo the most recently added, but not committed, changes to files/folders:

git reset .

Undo most recent commit

To undo the most recent commit, type:

git reset HEAD~1

This leaves the changed files and folders unstaged in your local repository.

CAUTION: Warning: A Git commit should not usually be reversed, particularly if you already pushed it to the remote repository. Although you can undo a commit, the best option is to avoid the situation altogether by working carefully.

Merge a branch with master branch

When you are ready to make all the changes in a branch a permanent addition to the master branch, you merge the two together:

git checkout <name-of-branch>
git merge master

Synchronize changes in a forked repository with the upstream

Forking a repository lets you create a copy of a repository in your namespace. Changes made to your copy of the repository are not synchronized automatically with the original. Your local fork (copy) contains changes made by you only, so to keep the project in sync with the original project, you need to pull from the original repository.

You must create a link to the remote repository to pull changes from the original repository. It is common to call this remote the upstream.

You can now use the upstream as a <remote> to pull new updates from the original repository, and use the origin to push local changes and create merge requests.