219 lines
4.1 KiB
Markdown
219 lines
4.1 KiB
Markdown
---
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type: reference
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---
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# Useful Git commands
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Here are some useful Git commands collected by the GitLab support team. You may not
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need to use often, but they can come in handy when needed.
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## Remotes
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### Add another URL to a remote, so both remotes get updated on each push
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```shell
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git remote set-url --add <remote_name> <remote_url>
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```
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## Staging and reverting changes
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### Remove last commit and leave the changes in unstaged
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```shell
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git reset --soft HEAD^
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```
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### Unstage a certain number of commits from HEAD
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To unstage 3 commits, for example, run:
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```shell
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git reset HEAD^3
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```
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### Unstage changes to a certain file from HEAD
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```shell
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git reset <filename>
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```
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### Revert a file to HEAD state and remove changes
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There are two options to revert changes to a file:
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- `git checkout <filename>`
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- `git reset --hard <filename>`
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### Undo a previous commit by creating a new replacement commit
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```shell
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git revert <commit-sha>
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```
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### Create a new message for last commit
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```shell
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git commit --amend
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```
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### Add a file to the last commit
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```shell
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git add <filename>
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git commit --amend
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```
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Append `--no-edit` to the `commit` command if you do not want to edit the commit
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message.
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## Stashing
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### Stash changes
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```shell
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git stash save
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```
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The default behavior of `stash` is to save, so you can also use just:
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```shell
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git stash
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```
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### Unstash your changes
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```shell
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git stash apply
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```
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### Discard your stashed changes
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```shell
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git stash drop
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```
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### Apply and drop your stashed changes
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```shell
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git stash pop
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```
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## Refs and Log
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### Use reflog to show the log of reference changes to HEAD
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```shell
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git reflog
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```
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### Check the Git history of a file
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The basic command to check the Git history of a file:
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```shell
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git log <file>
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```
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If you get this error message:
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```plaintext
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fatal: ambiguous argument <file_name>: unknown revision or path not in the working tree.
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Use '--' to separate paths from revisions, like this:
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```
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Use this to check the Git history of the file:
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```shell
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git log -- <file>
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```
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### Find the tags that contain a particular SHA
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```shell
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git tag --contains <sha>
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```
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### Check the content of each change to a file
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```shell
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gitk <file>
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```
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### Check the content of each change to a file, follows it past file renames
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```shell
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gitk --follow <file>
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```
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## Debugging
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### Use a custom SSH key for a Git command
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```shell
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GIT_SSH_COMMAND="ssh -i ~/.ssh/gitlabadmin" git <command>
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```
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### Debug cloning
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With SSH:
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```shell
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GIT_SSH_COMMAND="ssh -vvv" git clone <git@url>
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```
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With HTTPS:
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```shell
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GIT_TRACE_PACKET=1 GIT_TRACE=2 GIT_CURL_VERBOSE=1 git clone <url>
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```
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### Debugging with Git embedded traces
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Git includes a complete set of [traces for debugging Git commands](https://git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Git-Internals-Environment-Variables#_debugging), for example:
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- `GIT_TRACE_PERFORMANCE=1`: enables tracing of performance data, showing how long each particular `git` invocation takes.
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- `GIT_TRACE_SETUP=1`: enables tracing of what `git` is discovering about the repository and environment it’s interacting with.
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- `GIT_TRACE_PACKET=1`: enables packet-level tracing for network operations.
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## Rebasing
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### Rebase your branch onto master
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The -i flag stands for 'interactive':
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```shell
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git rebase -i master
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```
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### Continue the rebase if paused
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```shell
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git rebase --continue
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```
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### Use `git rerere`
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To _reuse_ recorded solutions to the same problems when repeated:
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```shell
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git rerere
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```
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To enable `rerere` functionality:
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```shell
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git config --global rerere.enabled true
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```
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<!-- ## Troubleshooting
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Include any troubleshooting steps that you can foresee. If you know beforehand what issues
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one might have when setting this up, or when something is changed, or on upgrading, it's
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important to describe those, too. Think of things that may go wrong and include them here.
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Each scenario can be a third-level heading, e.g. `### Getting error message X`.
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