700 lines
29 KiB
Markdown
700 lines
29 KiB
Markdown
---
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stage: Plan
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group: Project Management
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info: To determine the technical writer assigned to the Stage/Group associated with this page, see https://about.gitlab.com/handbook/product/ux/technical-writing/#assignments
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---
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# Issue boards **(FREE)**
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The issue board is a software project management tool used to plan,
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organize, and visualize a workflow for a feature or product release.
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You can use it as a [Kanban](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanban_(development)) or a
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[Scrum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrum_(software_development)) board.
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Issue boards pair issue tracking and project management, keeping everything together,
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so you can organize your workflow on a single platform.
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Issue boards use [issues](issues/index.md) and [labels](labels.md).
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Your issues appear as cards in vertical lists, organized by their assigned
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labels, [milestones](#milestone-lists), or [assignees](#assignee-lists).
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Issue boards help you to visualize and manage your entire process in GitLab.
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You add your labels, and then create the corresponding list for your existing issues.
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When you're ready, you can drag your issue cards from one step to another one.
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An issue board can show you the issues your team is working on, who is assigned to each,
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and where the issues are in the workflow.
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To let your team members organize their own workflows, use
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[multiple issue boards](#use-cases-for-multiple-issue-boards). This allows creating multiple issue
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boards in the same project.
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![GitLab issue board - Core](img/issue_boards_core_v14_1.png)
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Different issue board features are available in different [GitLab tiers](https://about.gitlab.com/pricing/):
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| Tier | Number of project issue boards | Number of [group issue boards](#group-issue-boards) | [Configurable issue boards](#configurable-issue-boards) | [Assignee lists](#assignee-lists) |
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| -------- | ------------------------------ | --------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------- |
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| Free | Multiple | 1 | **{dotted-circle}** No | **{dotted-circle}** No |
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| Premium | Multiple | Multiple | **{check-circle}** Yes | **{check-circle}** Yes |
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| Ultimate | Multiple | Multiple | **{check-circle}** Yes | **{check-circle}** Yes |
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Read more about [GitLab Enterprise features for issue boards](#gitlab-enterprise-features-for-issue-boards).
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![GitLab issue board - Premium](img/issue_boards_premium_v14_1.png)
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<i class="fa fa-youtube-play youtube" aria-hidden="true"></i>
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Watch a [video presentation](https://youtu.be/vjccjHI7aGI) (April 2020) of
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the issue board feature.
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## Multiple issue boards
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> - Multiple issue boards per project [moved](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-foss/-/issues/53811) to GitLab Free in 12.1.
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> - Multiple issue boards per group are available in GitLab Premium.
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Multiple issue boards allow for more than one issue board for a given project in the Free tier or group in the Premium and Ultimate tier.
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This is great for large projects with more than one team or when a repository hosts the code of multiple products.
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Using the search box at the top of the menu, you can filter the listed boards.
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When you have ten or more boards available, a **Recent** section is also shown in the menu, with
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shortcuts to your last four visited boards.
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![Multiple issue boards](img/issue_boards_multiple_v13_6.png)
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When you're revisiting an issue board in a project or group with multiple boards,
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GitLab automatically loads the last board you visited.
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### Create an issue board
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Prerequisites:
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- You must have at least the Reporter role for the project.
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To create a new issue board:
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1. In the upper-left corner of the issue board page, select the dropdown list with the current board name.
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1. Select **Create new board**.
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1. Enter the new board's name and select its scope: milestone, labels, assignee, or weight.
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### Delete an issue board
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Prerequisites:
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- You must have at least the Reporter role for the project.
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To delete the currently active issue board:
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1. In the upper-left corner of the issue board page, select the dropdown list with the current board name.
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1. Select **Delete board**.
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1. Select **Delete** to confirm.
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## Issue boards use cases
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You can tailor GitLab issue boards to your own preferred workflow.
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Here are some common use cases for issue boards.
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For examples of using issue boards along with [epics](../group/epics/index.md),
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[issue health status](issues/managing_issues.md#health-status), and
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[scoped labels](labels.md#scoped-labels) for various Agile frameworks, see:
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- [How to use GitLab for Agile portfolio planning and project management](https://about.gitlab.com/blog/2020/11/11/gitlab-for-agile-portfolio-planning-project-management/) blog post (November 2020)
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- <i class="fa fa-youtube-play youtube" aria-hidden="true"></i>
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[Cross-project Agile work management with GitLab](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5J0bonGoECs) (15 min, July 2020)
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### Use cases for a single issue board
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With the [GitLab Flow](https://about.gitlab.com/topics/version-control/what-is-gitlab-flow/) you can
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discuss proposals in issues, label them, and organize and prioritize them with issue boards.
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For example, let's consider this simplified development workflow:
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1. You have a repository that hosts your application's codebase, and your team actively contributes code.
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1. Your **backend** team starts working on a new implementation, gathers feedback and approval, and
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passes it over to the **frontend** team.
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1. When frontend is complete, the new feature is deployed to a **staging** environment to be tested.
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1. When successful, it's deployed to **production**.
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If you have the labels **Backend**, **Frontend**, **Staging**, and
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**Production**, and an issue board with a list for each, you can:
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- Visualize the entire flow of implementations since the beginning of the development life cycle
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until deployed to production.
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- Prioritize the issues in a list by moving them vertically.
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- Move issues between lists to organize them according to the labels you've set.
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- Add multiple issues to lists in the board by selecting one or more existing issues.
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![issue card moving](img/issue_board_move_issue_card_list_v13_6.png)
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### Use cases for multiple issue boards
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With [multiple issue boards](#multiple-issue-boards),
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each team can have their own board to organize their workflow individually.
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<div class="video-fallback">
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See the video: <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2IaMXteKSD4">Portfolio Planning - Portfolio Management</a>.
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</div>
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<figure class="video-container">
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<iframe src="https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/2IaMXteKSD4" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen> </iframe>
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</figure>
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#### Scrum team
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With multiple issue boards, each team has one board. Now you can move issues through each
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part of the process. For example: **To Do**, **Doing**, and **Done**.
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#### Organization of topics
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Create lists to order issues by topic and quickly change them between topics or groups,
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such as between **UX**, **Frontend**, and **Backend**. The changes are reflected across boards,
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as changing lists updates the labels on each issue accordingly.
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#### Issue board workflow between teams
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For example, suppose we have a UX team with an issue board that contains:
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- **To Do**
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- **Doing**
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- **Frontend**
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When finished with something, they move the card to **Frontend**. The Frontend team's board looks like:
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- **Frontend**
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- **Doing**
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- **Done**
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Cards finished by the UX team automatically appear in the **Frontend** column when they are ready
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for them.
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For a tutorial how to set up your boards in a similar way with [scoped labels](labels.md#scoped-labels), see
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[Tutorial: Set up issue boards for team hand-off](../../tutorials/boards_for_teams/index.md).
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NOTE:
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For a broader use case, see the blog post
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[What is GitLab Flow?](https://about.gitlab.com/topics/version-control/what-is-gitlab-flow/).
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For a real use case example, you can read why
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[Codepen decided to adopt issue boards](https://about.gitlab.com/blog/2017/01/27/codepen-welcome-to-gitlab/#project-management-everything-in-one-place)
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to improve their workflow with multiple boards.
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#### Quick assignments
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To quickly assign issues to your team members:
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1. Create [assignee lists](#assignee-lists) for each team member.
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1. Drag an issue onto the team member's list.
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## Issue board terminology
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An **issue board** represents a unique view of your issues. It can have multiple lists with each
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list consisting of issues represented by cards.
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A **list** is a column on the issue board that displays issues matching certain attributes.
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In addition to the default "Open" and "Closed" lists, each additional list shows issues matching
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your chosen label, assignee, or milestone. On the top of each list you can see the number of issues
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that belong to it. Types of lists include:
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- **Open** (default): all open issues that do not belong to one of the other lists.
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Always appears as the leftmost list.
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- **Closed** (default): all closed issues. Always appears as the rightmost list.
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- **Label list**: all open issues for a label.
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- [**Assignee list**](#assignee-lists): all open issues assigned to a user.
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- [**Milestone list**](#milestone-lists): all open issues for a milestone.
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A **Card** is a box on a list, and it represents an issue. You can drag cards from one list to
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another to change their label, assignee, or milestone. The information you can see on a
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card includes:
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- Issue title
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- Associated labels
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- Issue number
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- Assignee
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## Ordering issues in a list
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Prerequisites:
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- You must have at least the Reporter role for the project.
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When an issue is created, the system assigns a relative order value that is greater than the maximum value
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of that issue's project or root group. This means the issue is at the bottom of any issue list that
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it appears in.
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When you visit a board, issues appear ordered in any list. You're able to change
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that order by dragging the issues. The changed order is saved, so that anybody who visits the same
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board later sees the reordering, with some exceptions.
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Any time you drag and reorder the issue, its relative order value changes accordingly.
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Then, any time that issue appears in any board, the ordering is done according to
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the updated relative order value. If a user in your GitLab instance
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drags issue `A` above issue `B`, the ordering is maintained when these two issues are subsequently
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loaded in any board in the same instance.
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This could be a different project board or a different group
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board, for example.
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This ordering also affects [issue lists](issues/sorting_issue_lists.md).
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Changing the order in an issue board changes the ordering in an issue list,
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and vice versa.
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## Focus mode
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To enable or disable focus mode, in the upper-right corner, select **Toggle focus mode** (**{maximize}**).
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In focus mode, the navigation UI is hidden, allowing you to focus on issues in the board.
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## Group issue boards
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Accessible at the group navigation level, a group issue board offers the same features as a project-level board.
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It can display issues from all projects that fall under the group and its descendant subgroups.
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Users on GitLab Free can use a single group issue board.
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## GitLab Enterprise features for issue boards
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GitLab issue boards are available on the GitLab Free tier, but some
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advanced functionality is present in [higher tiers only](https://about.gitlab.com/pricing/).
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### Configurable issue boards **(PREMIUM)**
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> - Setting current iteration as scope [introduced](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/issues/196804) in GitLab 13.8.
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> - Moved to GitLab Premium in 13.9.
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An issue board can be associated with a [milestone](milestones/index.md#milestones),
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[labels](labels.md), assignee, weight, and current [iteration](../group/iterations/index.md),
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which automatically filter the board issues accordingly.
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This allows you to create unique boards according to your team's need.
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![Create scoped board](img/issue_board_creation_v13_6.png)
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You can define the scope of your board when creating it or by selecting the **Edit board** button.
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After a milestone, iteration, assignee, or weight is assigned to an issue board, you can no longer
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filter through these in the search bar. To do that, you need to remove the desired scope
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(for example, milestone, assignee, or weight) from the issue board.
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If you don't have editing permission in a board, you're still able to see the configuration by
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selecting **View scope**.
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<i class="fa fa-youtube-play youtube" aria-hidden="true"></i>
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Watch a [video presentation](https://youtu.be/m5UTNCSqaDk) of
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the configurable issue board feature.
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### Sum of issue weights **(PREMIUM)**
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> Moved to GitLab Premium in 13.9.
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The top of each list indicates the sum of issue weights for the issues that
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belong to that list. This is useful when using boards for capacity allocation,
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especially in combination with [assignee lists](#assignee-lists).
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![issue board summed weights](img/issue_board_summed_weights_v13_6.png)
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### Assignee lists **(PREMIUM)**
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As in a regular list showing all issues with a chosen label, you can add
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an assignee list that shows all issues assigned to a user.
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You can have a board with both label lists and assignee lists.
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Prerequisites:
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- You must have at least the Reporter role for the project.
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To add an assignee list:
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1. Select **Create list**.
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1. Select **Assignee**.
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1. In the dropdown list, select a user.
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1. Select **Add to board**.
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Now that the assignee list is added, you can assign or unassign issues to that user
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by [moving issues](#move-issues-and-lists) to and from an assignee list.
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To remove an assignee list, just as with a label list, select the trash icon.
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![Assignee lists](img/issue_board_assignee_lists_v14_1.png)
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### Milestone lists **(PREMIUM)**
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You're also able to create lists of a milestone. These are lists that filter issues by the assigned
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milestone, giving you more freedom and visibility on the issue board.
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Prerequisites:
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- You must have at least the Reporter role for the project.
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To add a milestone list:
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1. Select **Create list**.
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1. Select **Milestone**.
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1. In the dropdown list, select a milestone.
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1. Select **Add to board**.
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Like the assignee lists, you're able to [drag issues](#move-issues-and-lists)
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to and from a milestone list to manipulate the milestone of the dragged issues.
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As in other list types, select the trash icon to remove a list.
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![Milestone lists](img/issue_board_milestone_lists_v14_1.png)
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### Iteration lists **(PREMIUM)**
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> - [Introduced](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/issues/250479) in GitLab 13.11 [with a flag](../../administration/feature_flags.md) named `iteration_board_lists`. Enabled by default.
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> - [Generally available](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/merge_requests/75404) in GitLab 14.6. Feature flag `iteration_board_lists` removed.
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You can create lists of issues in an iteration.
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Prerequisites:
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- You must have at least the Reporter role for the project.
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To add an iteration list:
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1. Select **Create list**.
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1. Select **Iteration**.
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1. In the dropdown list, select an iteration.
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1. Select **Add to board**.
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Like the milestone lists, you're able to [drag issues](#move-issues-and-lists)
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to and from a iteration list to manipulate the iteration of the dragged issues.
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![Iteration lists](img/issue_board_iteration_lists_v13_10.png)
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### Group issues in swimlanes **(PREMIUM)**
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> - Grouping by epic [introduced](https://gitlab.com/groups/gitlab-org/-/epics/3352) in GitLab 13.6.
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> - Editing issue titles in the issue sidebar [introduced](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/issues/232745) in GitLab 13.8.
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> - Editing iteration in the issue sidebar [introduced](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/issues/290232) in GitLab 13.9.
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With swimlanes you can visualize issues grouped by epic.
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Your issue board keeps all the other features, but with a different visual organization of issues.
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This feature is available both at the project and group level.
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<i class="fa fa-youtube-play youtube" aria-hidden="true"></i>
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For a video overview, see [Epics Swimlanes Walkthrough - 13.6](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nHC7-kz5P2g) (November 2020).
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Prerequisites:
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- You must have at least the Reporter role for the project.
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To group issues by epic in an issue board:
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1. Select **Group by**.
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1. Select **Epic**.
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![Epics Swimlanes](img/epics_swimlanes_v14_1.png)
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To edit an issue without leaving this view, select the issue card (not its title), and a sidebar
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appears on the right. There you can see and edit the issue's:
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- Title
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- Assignees
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- [Epic](../group/epics/index.md)
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- Milestone
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- Time tracking value (view only)
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- Due date
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- Labels
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- Weight
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- Notifications setting
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You can also [drag issues](#move-issues-and-lists) to change their position and epic assignment:
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- To reorder an issue, drag it to the new position within a list.
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- To assign an issue to another epic, drag it to the epic's horizontal lane.
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- To unassign an issue from an epic, drag it to the **Issues with no epic assigned** lane.
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- To move an issue to another epic _and_ another list, at the same time, drag the issue diagonally.
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![Drag issues between swimlanes](img/epics_swimlanes_drag_and_drop.png)
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## Work in progress limits **(PREMIUM)**
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> Moved to GitLab Premium in 13.9.
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You can set a work in progress (WIP) limit for each issue list on an issue board. When a limit is
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set, the list's header shows the number of issues in the list and the soft limit of issues.
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You cannot set a WIP limit on the default lists (**Open** and **Closed**).
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Examples:
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- When you have a list with four issues and a limit of five, the header shows **4/5**.
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If you exceed the limit, the current number of issues is shown in red.
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- You have a list with five issues with a limit of five. When you move another issue to that list,
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the list's header displays **6/5**, with the six shown in red.
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Prerequisites:
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- You must have at least the Reporter role for the project.
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To set a WIP limit for a list, in an issue board:
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1. On the top of the list you want to edit, select **List actions** (**{ellipsis_v}**) **> Edit list settings**.
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The list settings sidebar opens on the right.
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1. Next to **Work in progress limit**, select **Edit**.
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1. Enter the maximum number of issues.
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1. Press <kbd>Enter</kbd> to save.
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## Blocked issues **(PREMIUM)**
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> [Introduced](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/issues/210452) in GitLab 13.10: View blocking issues when hovering over the "blocked" icon.
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If an issue is [blocked by another issue](issues/related_issues.md#blocking-issues), an icon appears next to its title to indicate its blocked
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status.
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When you hover over the blocked icon (**{issue-block}**), a detailed information popover is displayed.
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![Blocked issues](img/issue_boards_blocked_icon_v13_10.png)
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## Actions you can take on an issue board
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- [Edit an issue](#edit-an-issue).
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- [Create a new list](#create-a-new-list).
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- [Remove an existing list](#remove-a-list).
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- [Remove an issue from a list](#remove-an-issue-from-a-list).
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- [Filter issues](#filter-issues) that appear across your issue board.
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- [Move issues and lists](#move-issues-and-lists).
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- [Multi-select issue cards](#multi-select-issue-cards).
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- Drag and reorder the lists.
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- Change issue labels (by dragging an issue between lists).
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- Close an issue (by dragging it to the **Closed** list).
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### Edit an issue
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> Editing title, iteration, and confidentiality [introduced](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/issues/248908) in GitLab 14.1.
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You can edit an issue without leaving the board view.
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To open the right sidebar, select an issue card (not its title).
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Prerequisites:
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- You must have at least the Reporter role for the project.
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You can edit the following issue attributes in the right sidebar:
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- Assignees
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- Confidentiality
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- Due date
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- [Epic](../group/epics/index.md)
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- [Health status](issues/managing_issues.md#health-status)
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- [Iteration](../group/iterations/index.md)
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- Labels
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- Milestone
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- Notifications setting
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- Title
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- [Weight](issues/issue_weight.md)
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Additionally, you can also see the time tracking value.
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### Create a new list
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To create a new list, in the upper-right corner of the issue board, select **Create**.
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![creating a new list in an issue board](img/issue_board_add_list_v14_1.png)
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Then, choose the label, user or milestone to base the new list on. The new list is inserted
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at the end of the lists, before **Closed**. To move and reorder lists, drag them around.
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### Remove a list
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Removing a list doesn't have any effect on issues and labels, as it's just the
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list view that's removed. You can always create it again later if you need.
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Prerequisites:
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- You must have at least the Reporter role for the project.
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To remove a list from an issue board:
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1. On the top of the list you want to remove, select **List actions** (**{ellipsis_v}**).
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The list settings sidebar opens on the right.
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1. Select **Remove list**. A confirmation dialog appears.
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1. Select **Remove list** again.
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### Add issues to a list
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> The **Add issues** button was [removed](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/merge_requests/57329) in GitLab 13.11.
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Prerequisites:
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- You must have at least the Reporter role for the project.
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If your board is scoped to one or more attributes, go to the issues you want to add and apply the
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same attributes as your board scope.
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For example, to add an issue to a list scoped to the `Doing` label, in a group issue board:
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1. Go to an issue in the group or one of the subgroups or projects.
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1. Add the `Doing` label.
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The issue should now show in the `Doing` list on your issue board.
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### Remove an issue from a list
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> The **Remove from board** button was [removed](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/issues/229507) in GitLab 13.10.
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When an issue should no longer belong to a list, you can remove it.
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Prerequisites:
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- You must have at least the Reporter role for the project.
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The steps depend on the scope of the list:
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1. To open the right sidebar, select the issue card.
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1. Remove what's keeping the issue in the list.
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If it's a label list, remove the label. If it's an [assignee list](#assignee-lists), unassign the user.
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### Filter issues
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> - Filtering by iteration [introduced](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/issues/118742) in GitLab 13.6.
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> - Filtering by issue type [introduced](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/issues/268152) in GitLab 14.6.
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You can use the filters on top of your issue board to show only
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the results you want. It's similar to the filtering used in the [issue tracker](issues/index.md).
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Prerequisites:
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- You must have at least the Reporter role for the project.
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You can filter by the following:
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- Assignee
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- Author
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- [Epic](../group/epics/index.md)
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- [Iteration](../group/iterations/index.md)
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- Label
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- Milestone
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- My Reaction
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- Release
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- Type (issue/incident)
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- [Weight](issues/issue_weight.md)
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#### Filtering issues in a group board
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When [filtering issues](#filter-issues) in a **group** board, keep this behavior in mind:
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- Milestones: you can filter by the milestones belonging to the group and its descendant groups.
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- Labels: you can only filter by the labels belonging to the group but not its descendant groups.
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When you edit issues individually using the right sidebar, you can additionally select the
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milestones and labels from the **project** that the issue is from.
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### Move issues and lists
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You can move issues and lists by dragging them.
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Prerequisites:
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- You must have at least the Reporter role for a project in GitLab.
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To move an issue, select the issue card and drag it to another position in its current list or
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into a different list. Learn about possible effects in [Dragging issues between lists](#dragging-issues-between-lists).
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To move a list, select its top bar, and drag it horizontally.
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You can't move the **Open** and **Closed** lists, but you can hide them when editing an issue board.
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#### Move an issue to the start of the list
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> [Introduced](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/issues/367473) in GitLab 15.4.
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You can move issues to the top of the list with a menu shortcut.
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Your issue is moved to the top of the list even if other issues are hidden by a filter.
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Prerequisites:
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- You must at least have the Reporter role for the project.
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To move an issue to the start of the list:
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1. In an issue board, hover over the card of the issue you want to move.
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1. Select the vertical ellipsis (**{ellipsis_v}**), then **Move to start of list**.
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#### Move an issue to the end of the list
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> [Introduced](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/issues/367473) in GitLab 15.4.
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You can move issues to the bottom of the list with a menu shortcut.
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Your issue is moved to the bottom of the list even if other issues are hidden by a filter.
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Prerequisites:
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- You must at least have the Reporter role for the project.
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To move an issue to the end of the list:
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1. In an issue board, hover over the card of the issue you want to move.
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1. Select the vertical ellipsis (**{ellipsis_v}**), then **Move to end of list**.
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#### Dragging issues between lists
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To move an issue to another list, select the issue card and drag it onto that list.
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When you drag issues between lists, the result is different depending on the source list
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and the target list.
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| | To Open | To Closed | To label B list | To assignee Bob list |
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| ---------------------------- | -------------- | ----------- | ------------------------------ | ----------------------------- |
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| **From Open** | - | Close issue | Add label B | Assign Bob |
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| **From Closed** | Reopen issue | - | Reopen issue and add label B | Reopen issue and assign Bob |
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| **From label A list** | Remove label A | Close issue | Remove label A and add label B | Assign Bob |
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| **From assignee Alice list** | Unassign Alice | Close issue | Add label B | Unassign Alice and assign Bob |
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### Multi-select issue cards
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> [Moved](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/merge_requests/61955) behind a [feature flag](../feature_flags.md) named `board_multi_select` in GitLab 14.0. Disabled by default.
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FLAG:
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On self-managed GitLab, by default this feature is not available. To make it available, ask an
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administrator to [enable the feature flag](../../administration/feature_flags.md) named `board_multi_select`.
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On GitLab.com, this feature is not available.
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The feature is not ready for production use.
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You can select multiple issue cards, then drag the group to another position within the list, or to
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another list. This makes it faster to reorder many issues at once.
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Prerequisites:
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- You must have at least the Reporter role for the project.
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To select and move multiple cards:
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1. Select each card with <kbd>Control</kbd>+`Click` on Windows or Linux, or <kbd>Command</kbd>+`Click` on MacOS.
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1. Drag one of the selected cards to another position or list and all selected cards are moved.
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![Multi-select Issue Cards](img/issue_boards_multi_select_v12_4.png)
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## Tips
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A few things to remember:
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- Moving an issue between lists removes the label from the list it came from
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and adds the label from the list it goes to.
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- An issue can exist in multiple lists if it has more than one label.
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- Lists are populated with issues automatically if the issues are labeled.
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- Selecting the issue title inside a card takes you to that issue.
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- Selecting a label inside a card quickly filters the entire issue board
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and show only the issues from all lists that have that label.
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- For performance and visibility reasons, each list shows the first 20 issues
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by default. If you have more than 20 issues, start scrolling down and the next
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20 appear.
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## Troubleshooting issue boards
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### `There was a problem fetching users` on group issue board when filtering by Author or Assignee
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If you get a banner with `There was a problem fetching users` error when filtering by author or assignee on
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group issue board, make sure that you are added as a member to the current group.
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Non-members do not have permission to list group members when filtering by author or assignee on issue boards.
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To fix this error, you should add all of your users to the top-level group with at least the Guest role.
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### Use Rails console to fix issue boards not loading and timing out
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If you see issue board not loading and timing out in UI, use Rails console to call the Issue Rebalancing service to fix it:
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1. [Start a Rails console session](../../administration/operations/rails_console.md#starting-a-rails-console-session).
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1. Run these commands:
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```ruby
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p = Project.find_by_full_path('<username-or-group>/<project-name>')
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Issues::RelativePositionRebalancingService.new(p.root_namespace.all_projects).execute
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```
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1. To exit the Rails console, type `quit`.
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