188 lines
6.6 KiB
Markdown
188 lines
6.6 KiB
Markdown
# API styleguide
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This styleguide recommends best practices for API development.
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## Instance variables
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Please do not use instance variables, there is no need for them (we don't need
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to access them as we do in Rails views), local variables are fine.
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## Entities
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Always use an [Entity] to present the endpoint's payload.
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## Documentation
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API endpoints must come with [documentation](documentation/styleguide.md#api), unless it is internal or behind a feature flag.
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The docs should be in the same merge request, or, if strictly necessary,
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in a follow-up with the same milestone as the original merge request.
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## Methods and parameters description
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Every method must be described using the [Grape DSL](https://github.com/ruby-grape/grape#describing-methods)
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(see <https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/blob/master/lib/api/environments.rb>
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for a good example):
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- `desc` for the method summary. You should pass it a block for additional
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details such as:
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- The GitLab version when the endpoint was added. If it is behind a feature flag, mention that instead: _This feature is gated by the :feature\_flag\_symbol feature flag._
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- If the endpoint is deprecated, and if so, when will it be removed
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- `params` for the method parameters. This acts as description,
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[validation, and coercion of the parameters]
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A good example is as follows:
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```ruby
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desc 'Get all broadcast messages' do
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detail 'This feature was introduced in GitLab 8.12.'
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success Entities::BroadcastMessage
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end
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params do
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optional :page, type: Integer, desc: 'Current page number'
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optional :per_page, type: Integer, desc: 'Number of messages per page'
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end
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get do
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messages = BroadcastMessage.all
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present paginate(messages), with: Entities::BroadcastMessage
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end
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```
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## Declared parameters
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> Grape allows you to access only the parameters that have been declared by your
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`params` block. It filters out the parameters that have been passed, but are not
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allowed.
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– <https://github.com/ruby-grape/grape#declared>
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### Exclude parameters from parent namespaces
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> By default `declared(params)`includes parameters that were defined in all
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parent namespaces.
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– <https://github.com/ruby-grape/grape#include-parent-namespaces>
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In most cases you will want to exclude parameters from the parent namespaces:
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```ruby
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declared(params, include_parent_namespaces: false)
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```
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### When to use `declared(params)`
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You should always use `declared(params)` when you pass the parameters hash as
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arguments to a method call.
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For instance:
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```ruby
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# bad
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User.create(params) # imagine the user submitted `admin=1`... :)
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# good
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User.create(declared(params, include_parent_namespaces: false).to_h)
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```
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>**Note:**
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`declared(params)` return a `Hashie::Mash` object, on which you will have to
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call `.to_h`.
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But we can use `params[key]` directly when we access single elements.
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For instance:
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```ruby
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# good
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Model.create(foo: params[:foo])
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```
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## Using HTTP status helpers
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For non-200 HTTP responses, use the provided helpers in `lib/api/helpers.rb` to ensure correct behaviour (`not_found!`, `no_content!` etc.). These will `throw` inside Grape and abort the execution of your endpoint.
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For `DELETE` requests, you should also generally use the `destroy_conditionally!` helper which by default returns a `204 No Content` response on success, or a `412 Precondition Failed` response if the given `If-Unmodified-Since` header is out of range. This helper calls `#destroy` on the passed resource, but you can also implement a custom deletion method by passing a block.
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## Using API path helpers in GitLab Rails codebase
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Because we support [installing GitLab under a relative URL], one must take this
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into account when using API path helpers generated by Grape. Any such API path
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helper usage must be in wrapped into the `expose_path` helper call.
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For instance:
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```haml
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- endpoint = expose_path(api_v4_projects_issues_related_merge_requests_path(id: @project.id, issue_iid: @issue.iid))
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```
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## Internal API
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The [internal API](./internal_api.md) is documented for internal use. Please keep it up to date so we know what endpoints
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different components are making use of.
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[Entity]: https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/blob/master/lib/api/entities
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[validation, and coercion of the parameters]: https://github.com/ruby-grape/grape#parameter-validation-and-coercion
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[installing GitLab under a relative URL]: https://docs.gitlab.com/ee/install/relative_url.html
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## Avoiding N+1 problems
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In order to avoid N+1 problems that are common when returning collections
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of records in an API endpoint, we should use eager loading.
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A standard way to do this within the API is for models to implement a
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scope called `with_api_entity_associations` that will preload the
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associations and data returned in the API. An example of this scope can
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be seen in
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[the `Issue` model](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/blob/2fedc47b97837ea08c3016cf2fb773a0300a4a25/app%2Fmodels%2Fissue.rb#L62).
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In situations where the same model has multiple entities in the API
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(for instance, `UserBasic`, `User` and `UserPublic`) you should use your
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discretion with applying this scope. It may be that you optimize for the
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most basic entity, with successive entities building upon that scope.
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The `with_api_entity_associations` scope will also [automatically preload
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data](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/blob/19f74903240e209736c7668132e6a5a735954e7c/app%2Fmodels%2Ftodo.rb#L34)
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for `Todo` _targets_ when returned in the Todos API.
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For more context and discussion about preloading see
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[this merge request](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-foss/merge_requests/25711)
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which introduced the scope.
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### Verifying with tests
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When an API endpoint returns collections, always add a test to verify
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that the API endpoint does not have an N+1 problem, now and in the future.
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We can do this using [`ActiveRecord::QueryRecorder`](query_recorder.md).
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Example:
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```ruby
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def make_api_request
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get api('/foo', personal_access_token: pat)
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end
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it 'avoids N+1 queries', :request_store do
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# Firstly, record how many PostgreSQL queries the endpoint will make
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# when it returns a single record
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create_record
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control = ActiveRecord::QueryRecorder.new { make_api_request }
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# Now create a second record and ensure that the API does not execute
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# any more queries than before
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create_record
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expect { make_api_request }.not_to exceed_query_limit(control)
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end
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```
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## Testing
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When writing tests for new API endpoints, consider using a schema [fixture](./testing_guide/best_practices.md#fixtures) located in `/spec/fixtures/api/schemas`. You can `expect` a response to match a given schema:
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```ruby
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expect(response).to match_response_schema('merge_requests')
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```
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Also see [verifying N+1 performance](#verifying-with-tests) in tests.
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