debian-mirror-gitlab/doc/ci/environments/index.md

---
stage: Release
group: Release
info: To determine the technical writer assigned to the Stage/Group associated with this page, see https://about.gitlab.com/handbook/engineering/ux/technical-writing/#assignments
type: reference
disqus_identifier: 'https://docs.gitlab.com/ee/ci/environments.html'
---

# Environments and deployments

> Introduced in GitLab 8.9.

Environments describe where code is deployed.

Each time [GitLab CI/CD](../yaml/README.md) deploys a version of code to an environment,
a deployment is created.

GitLab:

- Provides a full history of deployments to each environment.
- Tracks your deployments, so you always know what is deployed on your
  servers.

If you have a deployment service like [Kubernetes](../../user/project/clusters/index.md)
associated with your project, you can use it to assist with your deployments.
You can even access a [web terminal](#web-terminals) for your environment from within GitLab.

## View environments and deployments

Prerequisites:

- You must have a minimum of [Reporter permission](../../user/permissions.md#project-members-permissions).

To view a list of environments and deployments:

1. Go to the project's **Operations > Environments** page.
   The environments are displayed.

   ![Environments list](img/environments_list.png)

1. To view a list of deployments for an environment, select the environment name,
   for example, `staging`.

   ![Deployments list](img/deployments_list.png)

Deployments show up in this list only after a deployment job has created them.

## Types of environments

There are two types of environments:

- Static environments have static names, like `staging` or `production`.
- Dynamic environments have dynamic names. Dynamic environments
  are a fundamental part of [Review apps](../review_apps/index.md).

### Create a static environment

You can create an environment and deployment in the UI or in your `.gitlab-ci.yml` file.

In the UI:

1. Go to the project's **Operations > Environments** page.
1. Select **New environment**.
1. Enter a name and external URL.
1. Select **Save**.

In your `.gitlab-ci.yml` file:

1. Specify a name for the environment and optionally, a URL, which determines the deployment URL.
   For example:

   ```yaml
   deploy_staging:
     stage: deploy
     script:
       - echo "Deploy to staging server"
     environment:
       name: staging
       url: https://staging.example.com
   ```

1. Trigger a deployment. (For example, by creating and pushing a commit.)

When the job runs, the environment and deployment are created.

NOTE:
Some characters cannot be used in environment names.
For more information about the `environment` keywords, see
[the `.gitlab-ci.yml` keyword reference](../yaml/README.md#environment).

### Create a dynamic environment

To create a dynamic name and URL for an environment, you can use
[predefined CI/CD variables](../variables/predefined_variables.md). For example:

```yaml
deploy_review:
  stage: deploy
  script:
    - echo "Deploy a review app"
  environment:
    name: review/$CI_COMMIT_REF_NAME
    url: https://$CI_ENVIRONMENT_SLUG.example.com
  only:
    - branches
  except:
    - master
```

In this example:

- The `name` is `review/$CI_COMMIT_REF_NAME`. Because the [environment name](../yaml/README.md#environmentname)
  can contain slashes (`/`), you can use this pattern to distinguish between dynamic and static environments.
- For the `url`, you could use `$CI_COMMIT_REF_NAME`, but because this value
  may contain a `/` or other characters that would not be valid in a domain name or URL,
  use `$CI_ENVIRONMENT_SLUG` instead. The `$CI_ENVIRONMENT_SLUG` variable is guaranteed to be unique.

You do not have to use the same prefix or only slashes (`/`) in the dynamic environment name.
However, when you use this format, you can [group similar environments](#group-similar-environments).

NOTE:
Some variables cannot be used as environment names or URLs.
For more information about the `environment` keywords, see
[the `.gitlab-ci.yml` keyword reference](../yaml/README.md#environment).

## Deployment tier of environments (**FREE**)

> [Introduced](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/issues/300741) in GitLab 13.10.

There are cases where you might want to use a code name as an environment name instead of using
an [industry standard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deployment_environment). For example, your environment might be called `customer-portal` instead of `production`.
This is perfectly fine, however, it loses information that the specific
environment is used as production.

To keep information that a specific environment is for production or
some other use, you can set one of the following tiers to each environment:

| Environment tier           | Environment names examples                                |
| ----           | --------                                |
| `production`   | Production, Live                        |
| `staging`      | Staging, Model, Pre, Demo               |
| `testing`      | Test, QC                                |
| `development`  | Dev, [Review apps](../review_apps/index.md), Trunk |
| `other`        |                                         |

By default, an approximate tier is automatically guessed and set from [the environment name](../yaml/README.md#environmentname).
Alternatively, you can specify a specific tier with `deployment_tier` keyword,
see the [`.gitlab-ci.yml` syntax reference](../yaml/README.md#environmentdeployment_tier) for more details.

## Configure manual deployments

You can create a job that requires someone to manually start the deployment.
For example:

```yaml
deploy_prod:
  stage: deploy
  script:
    - echo "Deploy to production server"
  environment:
    name: production
    url: https://example.com
  when: manual
  only:
    - master
```

The `when: manual` action:

- Exposes a play button for the job in the GitLab UI.
- Means the `deploy_prod` job is only triggered when the play button is clicked.

You can find the play button in the pipelines, environments, deployments, and jobs views.

## Configure Kubernetes deployments

> [Introduced](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/issues/27630) in GitLab 12.6.

If you are deploying to a [Kubernetes cluster](../../user/project/clusters/index.md)
associated with your project, you can configure these deployments from your
`gitlab-ci.yml` file.

NOTE:
Kubernetes configuration isn't supported for Kubernetes clusters that are
[managed by GitLab](../../user/project/clusters/index.md#gitlab-managed-clusters).
To follow progress on support for GitLab-managed clusters, see the
[relevant issue](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/issues/38054).

The following configuration options are supported:

- [`namespace`](https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/overview/working-with-objects/namespaces/)

In the following example, the job deploys your application to the
`production` Kubernetes namespace.

```yaml
deploy:
  stage: deploy
  script:
    - echo "Deploy to production server"
  environment:
    name: production
    url: https://example.com
    kubernetes:
      namespace: production
  only:
    - master
```

When you use the GitLab Kubernetes integration to deploy to a Kubernetes cluster,
cluster and namespace information is displayed above the job
trace on the deployment job page:

![Deployment cluster information](../img/environments_deployment_cluster_v12_8.png)

### Configure incremental rollouts

Learn how to release production changes to only a portion of your Kubernetes pods with
[incremental rollouts](../environments/incremental_rollouts.md).

## CI/CD variables for environments and deployments

When you create an environment, you specify the name and URL.

If you want to use the name or URL in another job, you can use:

- `$CI_ENVIRONMENT_NAME`. The name defined in the `.gitlab-ci.yml` file.
- `$CI_ENVIRONMENT_SLUG`. A "cleaned-up" version of the name, suitable for use in URL and DNS, for example.
  This variable is guaranteed to be unique.
- `$CI_ENVIRONMENT_URL`. The environment's URL, which was specified in the
  `.gitlab-ci.yml` file or automatically assigned.

If you change the name of an existing environment, the:

- `$CI_ENVIRONMENT_NAME` variable is updated with the new environment name.
- `$CI_ENVIRONMENT_SLUG` variable remains unchanged to prevent unintended side
  effects.

## Set dynamic environment URLs after a job finishes

> [Introduced](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/issues/17066) in GitLab 12.9.

In a job script, you can specify a static environment URL.
However, there may be times when you want a dynamic URL. For example,
if you deploy a Review App to an external hosting
service that generates a random URL per deployment, like `https://94dd65b.amazonaws.com/qa-lambda-1234567`.
In this case, you don't know the URL before the deployment script finishes.
If you want to use the environment URL in GitLab, you would have to update it manually.

To address this problem, you can configure a deployment job to report back a set of
variables. These variables include the URL that was dynamically-generated by the external service.
GitLab supports the [dotenv (`.env`)](https://github.com/bkeepers/dotenv) file format,
and expands the `environment:url` value with variables defined in the `.env` file.

To use this feature, specify the
[`artifacts:reports:dotenv`](../pipelines/job_artifacts.md#artifactsreportsdotenv) keyword in `.gitlab-ci.yml`.

<i class="fa fa-youtube-play youtube" aria-hidden="true"></i>
For an overview, see [Set dynamic URLs after a job finished](https://youtu.be/70jDXtOf4Ig).

### Example of setting dynamic environment URLs

The following example shows a Review App that creates a new environment
per merge request. The `review` job is triggered by every push, and
creates or updates an environment named `review/your-branch-name`.
The environment URL is set to `$DYNAMIC_ENVIRONMENT_URL`:

```yaml
review:
  script:
    - DYNAMIC_ENVIRONMENT_URL=$(deploy-script)                                 # In script, get the environment URL.
    - echo "DYNAMIC_ENVIRONMENT_URL=$DYNAMIC_ENVIRONMENT_URL" >> deploy.env    # Add the value to a dotenv file.
  artifacts:
    reports:
      dotenv: deploy.env                                                       # Report back dotenv file to rails.
  environment:
    name: review/$CI_COMMIT_REF_SLUG
    url: $DYNAMIC_ENVIRONMENT_URL                                              # and set the variable produced in script to `environment:url`
    on_stop: stop_review

stop_review:
  script:
    - ./teardown-environment
  when: manual
  environment:
    name: review/$CI_COMMIT_REF_SLUG
    action: stop
```

As soon as the `review` job finishes, GitLab updates the `review/your-branch-name`
environment's URL.
It parses the `deploy.env` report artifact, registers a list of variables as runtime-created,
uses it for expanding `environment:url: $DYNAMIC_ENVIRONMENT_URL` and sets it to the environment URL.
You can also specify a static part of the URL at `environment:url:`, such as
`https://$DYNAMIC_ENVIRONMENT_URL`. If the value of `DYNAMIC_ENVIRONMENT_URL` is
`example.com`, the final result is `https://example.com`.

The assigned URL for the `review/your-branch-name` environment is visible in the UI.

Note the following:

- `stop_review` doesn't generate a dotenv report artifact, so it doesn't recognize the
  `DYNAMIC_ENVIRONMENT_URL` environment variable. Therefore you shouldn't set `environment:url:` in the
  `stop_review` job.
- If the environment URL isn't valid (for example, the URL is malformed), the system doesn't update
  the environment URL.
- If the script that runs in `stop_review` exists only in your repository and therefore can't use
  `GIT_STRATEGY: none`, configure [pipelines for merge requests](../../ci/merge_request_pipelines/index.md)
  for these jobs. This ensures that runners can fetch the repository even after a feature branch is
  deleted. For more information, see [Ref Specs for Runners](../pipelines/index.md#ref-specs-for-runners).

## Working with environments

Once environments are configured, GitLab provides many features for working with them,
as documented below.

### Environment rollback

When you roll back a deployment on a specific commit,
a _new_ deployment is created. This deployment has its own unique job ID.
It points to the commit you're rolling back to.

For the rollback to succeed, the deployment process must be defined in
the job's `script`.

#### Retry or roll back a deployment

If there is a problem with a deployment, you can retry it or roll it back.

To retry or rollback a deployment:

1. Go to the project's **Operations > Environments**.
1. Select the environment.
1. To the right of the deployment name:
   - To retry a deployment, select **Re-deploy to environment**.
   - To roll back to a deployment, next to a previously successful deployment, select **Rollback environment**.

### Environment URL

The [environment URL](../yaml/README.md#environmenturl) is displayed in a few
places in GitLab:

- In a merge request as a link:
  ![Environment URL in merge request](../img/environments_mr_review_app.png)
- In the Environments view as a button:
  ![Environment URL in environments](../img/environments_available_13_10.png)
- In the Deployments view as a button:
  ![Environment URL in deployments](../img/deployments_view.png)

You can see this information in a merge request if:

- The merge request is eventually merged to the default branch (usually `master`).
- That branch also deploys to an environment (for example, `staging` or `production`).

For example:

![Environment URLs in merge request](../img/environments_link_url_mr.png)

#### Going from source files to public pages

With GitLab [Route Maps](../review_apps/index.md#route-maps), you can go directly
from source files to public pages in the environment set for Review Apps.

### Stopping an environment

When you stop an environment:

- On the **Environments** page, it moves from the list of **Available** environments
  to the list of **Stopped** environments.
- An [`on_stop` action](../yaml/README.md#environmenton_stop), if defined, is executed.

Dynamic environments stop automatically when their associated branch is
deleted.

#### Stop an environment when a branch is deleted

You can configure environments to stop when a branch is deleted.

The following example shows a `deploy_review` job that calls a `stop_review` job
to clean up and stop the environment. The `stop_review` job must be in the same
`stage` as the `deploy_review` job.

Both jobs must have the same [`rules`](../yaml/README.md#onlyexcept-basic)
or [`only/except`](../yaml/README.md#onlyexcept-basic) configuration. Otherwise,
the `stop_review` job might not be included in all pipelines that include the
`deploy_review` job, and you cannot trigger `action: stop` to stop the environment automatically.

```yaml
deploy_review:
  stage: deploy
  script:
    - echo "Deploy a review app"
  environment:
    name: review/$CI_COMMIT_REF_NAME
    url: https://$CI_ENVIRONMENT_SLUG.example.com
    on_stop: stop_review
  rules:
    - if: $CI_MERGE_REQUEST_ID

stop_review:
  stage: deploy
  script:
    - echo "Remove review app"
  environment:
    name: review/$CI_COMMIT_REF_NAME
    action: stop
  rules:
    - if: $CI_MERGE_REQUEST_ID
      when: manual
```

If you can't use [pipelines for merge requests](../merge_request_pipelines/index.md),
set the [`GIT_STRATEGY`](../runners/README.md#git-strategy) to `none` in the
`stop_review` job. Then the [runner](https://docs.gitlab.com/runner/) doesn't
try to check out the code after the branch is deleted.

Read more in the [`.gitlab-ci.yml` reference](../yaml/README.md#environmenton_stop).

#### Stop an environment after a certain time period

> [Introduced](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/issues/20956) in GitLab 12.8.

You can set environments to stop automatically after a certain time period.

In your `.gitlab-ci.yml` file, specify the [`environment:auto_stop_in`](../yaml/README.md#environmentauto_stop_in)
keyword. You can specify a human-friendly date as the value, such as `1 hour and 30 minutes` or `1 day`.
After the time period passes, GitLab automatically triggers a job to stop the environment.

Due to resource limitations, a background worker for stopping environments only runs once
every hour. This means that environments aren't stopped at the exact timestamp specified, but are
instead stopped when the hourly cron worker detects expired environments.

In the following example, each merge request creates a new Review App environment.
Each push triggers the `review_app` job and an environment named `review/your-branch-name`
is created or updated. The environment runs until `stop_review_app` is executed:

```yaml
review_app:
  script: deploy-review-app
  environment:
    name: review/$CI_COMMIT_REF_NAME
    on_stop: stop_review_app
    auto_stop_in: 1 week
  rules:
    - if: $CI_MERGE_REQUEST_ID

stop_review_app:
  script: stop-review-app
  environment:
    name: review/$CI_COMMIT_REF_NAME
    action: stop
  rules:
    - if: $CI_MERGE_REQUEST_ID
      when: manual
```

As long as the merge request is active and keeps getting new commits,
the Review App doesn't stop. Developers don't need to worry about
re-initiating Review App.

Because `stop_review_app` is set to `auto_stop_in: 1 week`,
if a merge request is inactive for more than a week,
GitLab automatically triggers the `stop_review_app` job to stop the environment.

#### View a deployment's scheduled stop time

You can view a deployment's expiration date in the GitLab UI.

1. Go to the project's **Operations > Environments** page.
1. Select the name of the deployment.

In the top left, next to the environment name, the expiration date is displayed.

#### Override a deployment's scheduled stop time

You can manually override a deployment's expiration date.

1. Go to the project's **Operations > Environments** page.
1. Select the deployment name.
1. In the top right, select the thumbtack (**{thumbtack}**).

![Environment auto stop](img/environment_auto_stop_v13_10.png)

The `auto_stop_in` setting is overwritten and the environment remains active until it's stopped manually.

#### Delete a stopped environment

> [Introduced](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/issues/20620) in GitLab 12.10.

You can delete [stopped environments](#stopping-an-environment) in the GitLab UI or by using
[the API](../../api/environments.md#delete-an-environment).

To delete a stopped environment in the GitLab UI:

1. Go to the project's **Operations > Environments** page.
1. Select the **Stopped** tab.
1. Next to the environment you want to delete, select **Delete environment**.
1. On the confirmation dialog box, select **Delete environment**.

### Prepare an environment

> [Introduced](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/issues/208655) in GitLab 13.2.

By default, GitLab creates a deployment every time a
build with the specified environment runs. Newer deployments can also
[cancel older ones](deployment_safety.md#skip-outdated-deployment-jobs).

You may want to specify an environment keyword to
[protect builds from unauthorized access](protected_environments.md), or to get
access to [environment-scoped variables](#scoping-environments-with-specs). In these cases,
you can use the `action: prepare` keyword to ensure deployments aren't created,
and no builds are canceled:

```yaml
build:
  stage: build
  script:
    - echo "Building the app"
  environment:
    name: staging
    action: prepare
    url: https://staging.example.com
```

### Group similar environments

> [Introduced](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-foss/-/merge_requests/7015) in GitLab 8.14.

You can group environments into collapsible sections in the UI.

For example, if all of your environments start with the name `review`,
then in the UI, the environments are grouped under that heading:

![Environment groups](img/environments_dynamic_groups_v13_10.png)

The following example shows how to start your environment names with `review`.
The `$CI_COMMIT_REF_NAME` variable is populated with the branch name at runtime:

```yaml
deploy_review:
  stage: deploy
  script:
    - echo "Deploy a review app"
  environment:
    name: review/$CI_COMMIT_REF_NAME
```

### Environment incident management

You have successfully setup a Continuous Delivery/Deployment workflow in your project.
Production environments can go down unexpectedly, including for reasons outside
of your own control. For example, issues with external dependencies, infrastructure,
or human error can cause major issues with an environment. This could include:

- A dependent cloud service goes down.
- A 3rd party library is updated and it's not compatible with your application.
- Someone performs a DDoS attack to a vulnerable endpoint in your server.
- An operator misconfigures infrastructure.
- A bug is introduced into the production application code.

You can use [incident management](../../operations/incident_management/index.md)
to get alerts when there are critical issues that need immediate attention.

#### View the latest alerts for environments **(ULTIMATE)**

> [Introduced](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/issues/214634) in [GitLab Ultimate](https://about.gitlab.com/pricing/) 13.4.

If you [set up alerts for Prometheus metrics](../../operations/metrics/alerts.md),
alerts for environments are shown on the environments page. The alert with the highest
severity is shown, so you can identify which environments need immediate attention.

![Environment alert](img/alert_for_environment.png)

When the issue that triggered the alert is resolved, it is removed and is no
longer visible on the environment page.

If the alert requires a [rollback](#retry-or-roll-back-a-deployment), you can select the
deployment tab from the environment page and select which deployment to roll back to.

#### Auto Rollback **(ULTIMATE)**

> [Introduced](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/issues/35404) in [GitLab Ultimate](https://about.gitlab.com/pricing/) 13.7.

In a typical Continuous Deployment workflow, the CI pipeline tests every commit before deploying to
production. However, problematic code can still make it to production. For example, inefficient code
that is logically correct can pass tests even though it causes severe performance degradation.
Operators and SREs monitor the system to catch such problems as soon as possible. If they find a
problematic deployment, they can roll back to a previous stable version.

GitLab Auto Rollback eases this workflow by automatically triggering a rollback when a
[critical alert](../../operations/incident_management/alerts.md)
is detected. GitLab selects and redeploys the most recent successful deployment.

Limitations of GitLab Auto Rollback:

- The rollback is skipped if a deployment is running when the alert is detected.
- A rollback can happen only once in three minutes. If multiple alerts are detected at once, only
  one rollback is performed.

GitLab Auto Rollback is turned off by default. To turn it on:

1. Visit **Project > Settings > CI/CD > Automatic deployment rollbacks**.
1. Select the checkbox for **Enable automatic rollbacks**.
1. Click **Save changes**.

### Monitoring environments

If you have enabled [Prometheus for monitoring system and response metrics](../../user/project/integrations/prometheus.md),
you can monitor the behavior of your app running in each environment. For the monitoring
dashboard to appear, you need to Configure Prometheus to collect at least one
[supported metric](../../user/project/integrations/prometheus_library/index.md).

In GitLab 9.2 and later, all deployments to an environment are shown directly on the monitoring dashboard.

Once configured, GitLab attempts to retrieve [supported performance metrics](../../user/project/integrations/prometheus_library/index.md)
for any environment that has had a successful deployment. If monitoring data was
successfully retrieved, a **Monitoring** button appears for each environment.

Clicking the **Monitoring** button displays a new page showing up to the last
8 hours of performance data. It may take a minute or two for data to appear
after initial deployment.

All deployments to an environment are shown directly on the monitoring dashboard,
which allows easy correlation between any changes in performance and new
versions of the app, all without leaving GitLab.

![Monitoring dashboard](../img/environments_monitoring.png)

#### Embedding metrics in GitLab Flavored Markdown

Metric charts can be embedded within GitLab Flavored Markdown. See [Embedding Metrics within GitLab Flavored Markdown](../../operations/metrics/embed.md) for more details.

### Web terminals

> Web terminals were added in GitLab 8.15 and are only available to project Maintainers and Owners.

If you deploy to your environments with the help of a deployment service (for example,
the [Kubernetes integration](../../user/project/clusters/index.md)), GitLab can open
a terminal session to your environment.

This is a powerful feature that allows you to debug issues without leaving the comfort
of your web browser. To enable it, follow the instructions given in the service integration
documentation.

Note that container-based deployments often lack basic tools (like an editor), and may
be stopped or restarted at any time. If this happens, you lose all your
changes. Treat this as a debugging tool, not a comprehensive online IDE.

Once enabled, your environments display a **Terminal** button:

![Terminal button on environment index](img/environments_terminal_button_on_index_v13_10.png)

You can also access the terminal button from the page for a specific environment:

![Terminal button for an environment](img/environments_terminal_button_on_show_v13_10.png)

Wherever you find it, clicking the button takes you to a separate page to
establish the terminal session:

![Terminal page](../img/environments_terminal_page.png)

This works like any other terminal. You're in the container created
by your deployment so you can:

- Run shell commands and get responses in real time.
- Check the logs.
- Try out configuration or code tweaks etc.

You can open multiple terminals to the same environment, they each get their own shell
session and even a multiplexer like `screen` or `tmux`.

### Check out deployments locally

In GitLab 8.13 and later, a reference in the Git repository is saved for each deployment, so
knowing the state of your current environments is only a `git fetch` away.

In your Git configuration, append the `[remote "<your-remote>"]` block with an extra
fetch line:

```plaintext
fetch = +refs/environments/*:refs/remotes/origin/environments/*
```

### Scoping environments with specs

> - [Introduced](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/merge_requests/2112) in [GitLab Premium](https://about.gitlab.com/pricing/) 9.4.
> - [Environment scoping for CI/CD variables was moved to all tiers](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-foss/-/merge_requests/30779) in GitLab 12.2.

You can limit the environment scope of a CI/CD variable by
defining which environments it can be available for.

Wildcards can be used and the default environment scope is `*`. This means that
any jobs can have this variable regardless of whether an environment is defined.

For example, if the environment scope is `production`, then only the jobs
having the environment `production` defined would have this specific variable.
Wildcards (`*`) can be used along with the environment name, therefore if the
environment scope is `review/*` then any jobs with environment names starting
with `review/` would have that particular variable.

Some GitLab features can behave differently for each environment.
For example, you can
[create a secret variable to be injected only into a production environment](../variables/README.md#limit-the-environment-scopes-of-cicd-variables).

In most cases, these features use the _environment specs_ mechanism, which offers
an efficient way to implement scoping within each environment group.

Let's say there are four environments:

- `production`
- `staging`
- `review/feature-1`
- `review/feature-2`

Each environment can be matched with the following environment spec:

| Environment Spec | `production` | `staging` | `review/feature-1` | `review/feature-2` |
|:-----------------|:-------------|:----------|:-------------------|:-------------------|
| *                | Matched      | Matched   | Matched            | Matched            |
| production       | Matched      |           |                    |                    |
| staging          |              | Matched   |                    |                    |
| review/*         |              |           | Matched            | Matched            |
| review/feature-1 |              |           | Matched            |                    |

As you can see, you can use specific matching for selecting a particular environment,
and also use wildcard matching (`*`) for selecting a particular environment group,
such as [Review Apps](../review_apps/index.md) (`review/*`).

Note that the most _specific_ spec takes precedence over the other wildcard matching. In this case,
the `review/feature-1` spec takes precedence over `review/*` and `*` specs.

## Related topics

- [Use GitLab CI to deploy to multiple environments (blog post)](https://about.gitlab.com/blog/2021/02/05/ci-deployment-and-environments/)
- [Review Apps](../review_apps/index.md): Use dynamic environments to deploy your code for every branch.
- [Deploy Boards](../../user/project/deploy_boards.md): View the status of your applications running on Kubernetes.
- [Protected environments](protected_environments.md): Determine who can deploy code to your environments.
- [Environments Dashboard](../environments/environments_dashboard.md): View a summary of each
  environment's operational health. **(PREMIUM)**
- [Deployment safety](deployment_safety.md#restrict-write-access-to-a-critical-environment): Secure your deployments.

<!-- ## Troubleshooting

Include any troubleshooting steps that you can foresee. If you know beforehand what issues
one might have when setting this up, or when something is changed, or on upgrading, it's
important to describe those, too. Think of things that may go wrong and include them here.
This is important to minimize requests for support, and to avoid doc comments with
questions that you know someone might ask.

Each scenario can be a third-level heading, e.g. `### Getting error message X`.
If you have none to add when creating a doc, leave this section in place
but commented out to help encourage others to add to it in the future. -->