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---
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stage: Data Stores
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group: Database
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info: To determine the technical writer assigned to the Stage/Group associated with this page, see https://about.gitlab.com/handbook/engineering/ux/technical-writing/#assignments
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---
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# Database guides
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## Database Reviews
- If you're creating a database MR for review, check out our [Database review guidelines ](../database_review.md ).
It provides an introduction on database-related changes, migrations, and complex SQL queries.
- If you're a database reviewer or want to become one, check out our [introduction to reviewing database changes ](database_reviewer_guidelines.md ).
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## Tooling
- [Understanding EXPLAIN plans ](../understanding_explain_plans.md )
- [explain.depesz.com ](https://explain.depesz.com/ ) or [explain.dalibo.com ](https://explain.dalibo.com/ ) for visualizing the output of `EXPLAIN`
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- [pgFormatter ](https://sqlformat.darold.net/ ) a PostgreSQL SQL syntax beautifier
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- [db:check-migrations job ](dbcheck-migrations-job.md )
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## Migrations
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- [Migrations for multiple databases ](migrations_for_multiple_databases.md )
- [Avoiding downtime in migrations ](avoiding_downtime_in_migrations.md )
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- [SQL guidelines ](../sql.md ) for working with SQL queries
- [Migrations style guide ](../migration_style_guide.md ) for creating safe SQL migrations
- [Testing Rails migrations ](../testing_guide/testing_migrations_guide.md ) guide
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- [Post deployment migrations ](post_deployment_migrations.md )
- [Background migrations ](background_migrations.md )
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- [Swapping tables ](../swapping_tables.md )
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- [Deleting migrations ](deleting_migrations.md )
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- [Partitioning tables ](table_partitioning.md )
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## Debugging
- Tracing the source of an SQL query using query comments with [Marginalia ](../database_query_comments.md )
- Tracing the source of an SQL query in Rails console using [Verbose Query Logs ](https://guides.rubyonrails.org/debugging_rails_applications.html#verbose-query-logs )
## Best practices
- [Adding database indexes ](../adding_database_indexes.md )
- [Foreign keys & associations ](../foreign_keys.md )
- [Adding a foreign key constraint to an existing column ](add_foreign_key_to_existing_column.md )
- [`NOT NULL` constraints ](not_null_constraints.md )
- [Strings and the Text data type ](strings_and_the_text_data_type.md )
- [Single table inheritance ](../single_table_inheritance.md )
- [Polymorphic associations ](../polymorphic_associations.md )
- [Serializing data ](../serializing_data.md )
- [Hash indexes ](../hash_indexes.md )
- [Storing SHA1 hashes as binary ](../sha1_as_binary.md )
- [Iterating tables in batches ](../iterating_tables_in_batches.md )
- [Insert into tables in batches ](../insert_into_tables_in_batches.md )
- [Ordering table columns ](../ordering_table_columns.md )
- [Verifying database capabilities ](../verifying_database_capabilities.md )
- [Database Debugging and Troubleshooting ](../database_debugging.md )
- [Query Count Limits ](../query_count_limits.md )
- [Creating enums ](../creating_enums.md )
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- [Client-side connection-pool ](client_side_connection_pool.md )
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- [Updating multiple values ](setting_multiple_values.md )
- [Constraints naming conventions ](constraint_naming_convention.md )
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- [Query performance guidelines ](../query_performance.md )
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- [Pagination guidelines ](pagination_guidelines.md )
- [Pagination performance guidelines ](pagination_performance_guidelines.md )
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- [Efficient `IN` operator queries ](efficient_in_operator_queries.md )
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- [Data layout and access patterns ](layout_and_access_patterns.md )
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## Case studies
- [Database case study: Filtering by label ](../filtering_by_label.md )
- [Database case study: Namespaces storage statistics ](../namespaces_storage_statistics.md )
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## Miscellaneous
- [Maintenance operations ](maintenance_operations.md )
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- [Update multiple database objects ](setting_multiple_values.md )
