debian-mirror-gitlab/doc/ci/environments/protected_environments.md

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---
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stage: Release
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group: Release
info: To determine the technical writer assigned to the Stage/Group associated with this page, see https://about.gitlab.com/handbook/engineering/ux/technical-writing/#assignments
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type: concepts, howto
---
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# Protected environments **(PREMIUM)**
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> [Introduced](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/merge_requests/6303) in [GitLab Premium](https://about.gitlab.com/pricing/) 11.3.
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[Environments](../environments/index.md) can be used for different reasons:
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- Some of them are just for testing.
- Others are for production.
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Since deploy jobs can be raised by different users with different roles, it is important that
specific environments are "protected" to prevent unauthorized people from affecting them.
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By default, a protected environment does one thing: it ensures that only people
with the right privileges can deploy to it, thus keeping it safe.
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NOTE:
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A GitLab admin is always allowed to use environments, even if they are protected.
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To protect, update, or unprotect an environment, you need to have at least the
[Maintainer role](../../user/permissions.md).
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## Protecting environments
To protect an environment:
1. Navigate to your project's **Settings > CI/CD**.
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1. Expand the **Protected environments** section.
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1. From the **Environment** dropdown menu, select the environment you want to protect.
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1. In the **Allowed to Deploy** dropdown menu, select the role, users, or groups you
want to give deploy access to. Keep in mind that:
- There are two roles to choose from:
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- **Maintainers**: Allows access to all maintainers in the project.
- **Developers**: Allows access to all maintainers and all developers in the project.
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- You can only select groups that are already associated with the project.
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- Only users that have at least the Developer permission level appear in
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the **Allowed to Deploy** dropdown menu.
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1. Click the **Protect** button.
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The protected environment now appears in the list of protected environments.
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### Use the API to protect an environment
Alternatively, you can use the API to protect an environment:
1. Use a project with a CI that creates an environment. For example:
```yaml
stages:
- test
- deploy
test:
stage: test
script:
- 'echo "Testing Application: ${CI_PROJECT_NAME}"'
production:
stage: deploy
when: manual
script:
- 'echo "Deploying to ${CI_ENVIRONMENT_NAME}"'
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environment:
name: ${CI_JOB_NAME}
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```
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1. Use the UI to [create a new group](../../user/group/index.md#create-a-group).
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For example, this group is called `protected-access-group` and has the group ID `9899826`. Note
that the rest of the examples in these steps use this group.
![Group Access](img/protected_access_group_v13_6.png)
1. Use the API to add a user to the group as a reporter:
```shell
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$ curl --request POST --header "PRIVATE-TOKEN: <your_access_token>" \
--data "user_id=3222377&access_level=20" "https://gitlab.com/api/v4/groups/9899826/members"
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{"id":3222377,"name":"Sean Carroll","username":"sfcarroll","state":"active","avatar_url":"https://assets.gitlab-static.net/uploads/-/system/user/avatar/3222377/avatar.png","web_url":"https://gitlab.com/sfcarroll","access_level":20,"created_at":"2020-10-26T17:37:50.309Z","expires_at":null}
```
1. Use the API to add the group to the project as a reporter:
```shell
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$ curl --request POST --header "PRIVATE-TOKEN: <your_access_token>" \
--request POST "https://gitlab.com/api/v4/projects/22034114/share?group_id=9899826&group_access=20"
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{"id":1233335,"project_id":22034114,"group_id":9899826,"group_access":20,"expires_at":null}
```
1. Use the API to add the group with protected environment access:
```shell
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curl --header 'Content-Type: application/json' --request POST --data '{"name": "production", "deploy_access_levels": [{"group_id": 9899826}]}' \
--header "PRIVATE-TOKEN: <your_access_token>" "https://gitlab.com/api/v4/projects/22034114/protected_environments"
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```
The group now has access and can be seen in the UI.
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## Environment access by group membership
A user may be granted access to protected environments as part of
[group membership](../../user/group/index.md). Users with
[Reporter permissions](../../user/permissions.md), can only be granted access to
protected environments with this method.
## Deployment branch access
Users with [Developer permissions](../../user/permissions.md) can be granted
access to a protected environment through any of these methods:
- As an individual contributor, through a role.
- Through a group membership.
If the user also has push or merge access to the branch deployed on production,
they have the following privileges:
- [Stopping an environment](index.md#stopping-an-environment).
- [Delete a stopped environment](index.md#delete-a-stopped-environment).
- [Create an environment terminal](index.md#web-terminals).
## Deployment-only access to protected environments
Users granted access to a protected environment, but not push or merge access
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to the branch deployed to it, are only granted access to deploy the environment. An individual in a
group with the Reporter permission, or in groups added to the project with Reporter permissions,
appears in the dropdown menu for deployment-only access.
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To add deployment-only access:
1. Add a group with Reporter permissions.
1. Add user(s) to the group.
1. Invite the group to be a project member.
1. Follow the steps outlined in [Protecting Environments](#protecting-environments).
Note that deployment-only access is the only possible access level for groups with [Reporter permissions](../../user/permissions.md).
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## Modifying and unprotecting environments
Maintainers can:
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- Update existing protected environments at any time by changing the access in the
**Allowed to Deploy** dropdown menu.
- Unprotect a protected environment by clicking the **Unprotect** button for that environment.
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After an environment is unprotected, all access entries are deleted and must
be re-entered if the environment is re-protected.
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For more information, see [Deployment safety](deployment_safety.md).
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## Group-level protected environments
> - [Introduced](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/issues/215888) in [GitLab Premium](https://about.gitlab.com/pricing/) 14.0.
> - [Deployed behind a feature flag](../../user/feature_flags.md), disabled by default.
> - Disabled on GitLab.com.
> - Not recommended for production use.
> - To use in GitLab self-managed instances, ask a GitLab administrator to [enable it](#enable-or-disable-group-level-protected-environments). **(FREE SELF)**
This in-development feature might not be available for your use. There can be
[risks when enabling features still in development](../../user/feature_flags.md#risks-when-enabling-features-still-in-development).
Refer to this feature's version history for more details.
Typically, large enterprise organizations have an explicit permission boundary
between [developers and operators](https://about.gitlab.com/topics/devops/).
Developers build and test their code, and operators deploy and monitor the
application. With group-level protected environments, the permission of each
group is carefully configured in order to prevent unauthorized access and
maintain proper separation of duty. Group-level protected environments
extend the [project-level protected environments](#protecting-environments)
to the group-level.
The permissions of deployments can be illustrated in the following table:
| Environment | Developer | Operator | Category |
|-------------|------------|----------|----------|
| Development | Allowed | Allowed | Lower environment |
| Testing | Allowed | Allowed | Lower environment |
| Staging | Disallowed | Allowed | Higher environment |
| Production | Disallowed | Allowed | Higher environment |
_(Reference: [Deployment environments on Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deployment_environment))_
### Group-level protected environments names
Contrary to project-level protected environments, group-level protected
environments use the [deployment tier](index.md#deployment-tier-of-environments)
as their name.
A group may consist of many project environments that have unique names.
For example, Project-A has a `gprd` environment and Project-B has a `Production`
environment, so protecting a specific environment name doesn't scale well.
By using deployment tiers, both are recognized as `production` deployment tier
and are protected at the same time.
### Configure group-level memberships
In an enterprise organization, with thousands of projects under a single group,
ensuring that all of the [project-level protected environments](#protecting-environments)
are properly configured is not a scalable solution. For example, a developer
might gain privileged access to a higher environment when they are added as a
maintainer to a new project. Group-level protected environments can be a solution
in this situation.
To maximize the effectiveness of group-level protected environments,
[group-level memberships](../../user/group/index.md) must be correctly
configured:
- Operators should be assigned the [maintainer role](../../user/permissions.md)
(or above) to the top-level group. They can maintain CI/CD configurations for
the higher environments (such as production) in the group-level settings page,
wnich includes group-level protected environments,
[group-level runners](../runners/runners_scope.md#group-runners),
[group-level clusters](../../user/group/clusters/index.md), etc. Those
configurations are inherited to the child projects as read-only entries.
This ensures that only operators can configure the organization-wide
deployment ruleset.
- Developers should be assigned the [developer role](../../user/permissions.md)
(or below) at the top-level group, or explicitly assigned to a child project
as maintainers. They do *NOT* have access to the CI/CD configurations in the
top-level group, so operators can ensure that the critical configuration won't
be accidentally changed by the developers.
- For sub-groups and child projects:
- Regarding [sub-groups](../../user/group/subgroups/index.md), if a higher
group has configured the group-level protected environment, the lower groups
cannot override it.
- [Project-level protected environments](#protecting-environments) can be
combined with the group-level setting. If both group-level and project-level
environment configurations exist, the user must be allowed in **both**
rulesets in order to run a deployment job.
- Within a project or a sub-group of the top-level group, developers can be
safely assigned the Maintainer role to tune their lower environments (such
as `testing`).
Having this configuration in place:
- If a user is about to run a deployment job in a project and allowed to deploy
to the environment, the deployment job proceeds.
- If a user is about to run a deployment job in a project but disallowed to
deploy to the environment, the deployment job fails with an error message.
### Protect a group-level environment
To protect a group-level environment:
1. Make sure your environments have the correct
[`deployment_tier`](index.md#deployment-tier-of-environments) defined in
`gitlab-ci.yml`.
1. Configure the group-level protected environments via the
[REST API](../../api/group_protected_environments.md).
NOTE:
Configuration [via the UI](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/issues/325249)
is scheduled for a later release.
### Enable or disable Group-level protected environments **(FREE SELF)**
Group-level protected environments is under development and not ready for production use. It is
deployed behind a feature flag that is **disabled by default**.
[GitLab administrators with access to the GitLab Rails console](../../administration/feature_flags.md)
can enable it.
To enable it:
```ruby
Feature.enable(:group_level_protected_environments)
```
To disable it:
```ruby
Feature.disable(:group_level_protected_environments)
```
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