215 lines
11 KiB
Plaintext
215 lines
11 KiB
Plaintext
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==Phrack Inc.==
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Volume Two, Issue 18, Phile #3 of 11
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_ _ _ _ _____________________________________________ _ _ _ _
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_-_-_-_- -_-_-_-_
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_-_-_-_- An Introduction To -_-_-_-_
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_-_-_-_- -_-_-_-_
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_-_-_-_- Packet Switched Networks -_-_-_-_
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_-_-_-_- -_-_-_-_
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_-_-_-_- -_-_-_-_
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_-_-_-_- -_-_-_-_
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_-_-_-_- Written By - Revised - -_-_-_-_
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_-_-_-_- -_-_-_-_
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_-_-_-_- Epsilon 05/3/88 -_-_-_-_
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_-_-_-_-_____________________________________________-_-_-_-_
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Preface -
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In the past few years, Packet Switched Networks have become a prominent
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feature in the world of telecommunications. These networks have provided ways
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of communicating with virtually error-free data, over very large distances.
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These networks have become an imperative to many a corporation in the business
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world. In this file we will review some of the basic aspects of Packet
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Switched Networks.
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Advantages -
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The Packet Switched Network has many advantages to the common user, and
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even more to the hacker, which will be reviewed in the next topic.
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The basis of a Packet Switched Network is the Packet Switch. This network
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enables the service user to connect to any number of hosts via a local POTS
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dial-up/port. The various hosts pay to be connected to this type of network,
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and that's why there is often a surcharge for connection to larger public
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services like Compuserve or The Source.
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A Packet Switched Network provides efficient data transfer and lower rates
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than normal circuit switched calls, which can be a great convenience if you
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are planning to do a lot of transferring of files between you and the host.
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Not only is the communication efficient, it is virtually error free.
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Whereas in normal circuit switched calls, there could be a drastic increase in
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errors, thus creating a bad transfer of data.
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When using a Packet Switched Network, it is not important that you
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communicate at the same baud rate as your host. A special device regulates
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the speed so that the individual packets are sped up or slowed down, according
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to your equipment. Such a device is called a PAD (Packet Assembler
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Disassembler).
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A PSN also provides access to a variety of information and news retrieval
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services. The user pays nothing for these calls, because the connections are
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collect. Although the user may have to subscribe to the service to take
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advantage of it's services, the connection is usually free, except for a
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surcharge on some of the larger subscription services.
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Advantages To Hackers -
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Packet Switched Networks, to me, are the best thing to come along since the
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phone system. I'm sure many other hackers feel the same way. One of the
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reasons for this opinion is that when hacking a system, you need not dial out
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of your LATA, using codes or otherwise.
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Now, the hacker no longer has to figure out what parameters he has to set
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his equipment to, to communicate with a target computer effectively. All
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PSSes use the same protocol, set by international standards. This protocol is
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called X.25. This protocol is used on every network-to-network call in the
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world.
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When operating on a packet switch, you are not only limited to your own
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network (As if that wasn't enough already). You can access other PSSes or
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private data networks through gateways which are implemented in your PSN.
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There are gateways to virtually every network, from virtually every other
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network, except for extremely sensitive or private networks, in which case
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would probably be completely isolated from remote access.
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Another advantage with PSNs is that almost everyone has a local port, which
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means if you have an outdial (Next paragraph), you can access regular circuit
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switched hosts via your local Packet Switched Network port. Since the ports
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are local, you can spend as much time as you want on it for absolutely no
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cost. So think about it. Access to any feasible network, including overseas
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PSNs and packet switches, access to almost any host, access to normal circuit
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switched telephone-reachable hosts via an outdial, and with an NUI (Network
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User Identity - Login and password entered at the @ prompt on Telenet),
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unlimited access to any NUA, reverse-charged or not.
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Due to the recent abuse of long distance companies, the use of codes when
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making free calls is getting to be more and more hazardous. You may ask, 'Is
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there any resort to making free calls without using codes, and without using a
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blue box?' The answer is yes, but only when using data. With an outdial,
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accessible from your local PSN port, you can make data calls with a remote
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modem, almost always connected directly to a server, or a port selector. This
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method of communicating is more efficient, safer, and more reliable than using
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any code. Besides, with the implementation of equal access, and the
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elimination of 950 ports, what choice will you have?
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Some Important Networks -
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As aforementioned, PSNs are not only used in the United States. They are
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all over the place. In Europe, Asia, Canada, Africa, etc. This is a small
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summary of some of the more popular PSNs around the world.
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Country Network Name *DNIC
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~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~
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Germany Datex-P 2624
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Canada Datapac 3020
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Italy Datex-P 0222
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South Africa Saponet 0655
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Japan Venus-P 4408
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England Janet/PSS 2342
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USA Tymnet 3106
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USA Telenet 3110
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USA Autonet 3126
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USA RCA 3113
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Australia Austpac 0505
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Ireland Irepac 2724
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Luxembourg Luxpac 2704
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Singapore Telepac 5252
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France Transpac 2080
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Switzerland Telepac 2284
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Sweden Telepac 2405
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Israel Isranet 4251
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~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~ ~~~~
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* - DNIC (Data Network Identification Code)
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Precede DNIC and logical address with a
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'0' when using Telenet.
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______________________________________________________________________________
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Notes On Above Networks -
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Some countries may have more than one Packet Switching Network. The ones
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listed are the more significant networks for each country. For example, the
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United States has eleven public Packet Switching Networks, but the four I
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listed are the major ones.
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Several countries may also share one network, as shown above. Each country
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will have equal access to the network using the basic POTS dial-up ports.
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Focus On Telenet -
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Since Telenet is one of the most famous, and highly used PSNs in the United
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States, I thought that informing you of some of the more interesting aspects
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of this network would be beneficial.
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Interconnections With Other Network Types -
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Packet Switched Networks are not the only type of networks which connect a
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large capacity of hosts together. There are also Wide Area Networks, which
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operate on a continuous link basis, rather than a packet switched basis.
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These networks do not use the standardized X.25 protocol, and can only be
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reached by direct dial-ups, or by connecting to a host which has network
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access permissions. The point is, that if you wanted to reach, say, Arpanet
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from Telenet, you would have to have access to a host which is connected to
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both networks. This way, you can connect to the target host computer via
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Telenet, and use the WAN via the target host.
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WANs aren't the only other networks you can access. Also, connections to
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other small, private, interoffice LANs are quite common and quite feasible.
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Connections To International NUAs via NUIs -
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When using an NUI, at the prompt, type 0+DNIC+NUA. After your connection
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is established, proceed to use the system you've reached.
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Private Data Networks -
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Within the large Packet Switched Networks that are accessible to us there
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are also smaller private networks. These networks can sometimes be very
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interesting as they may contain many different systems. A way to identify a
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private network is by looking at the three digit prefix. Most prefixes
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accessible by Telenet are based on area codes. Private networks often have a
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prefix that has nothing to do with any area code. (Ex. 322, 421, 224, 144)
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Those prefixes are not real networks, just examples.
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Inside these private networks, there are often smaller networks which are
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connected with some type of host selector or gateway server. If you find
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something like this, there may be hosts that can be accessed only by this port
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selector/server, and not by the normal prefix. It is best to find out what
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these other addresses translate to, in case you are not able to access the
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server for some reason. That way, you always have a backup method of reaching
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the target system (Usually the addresses that are accessed by a gateway
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server/port selector translate to normal NUAs accessible from your Telenet
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port).
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When exploring a private network, keep in mind that since these networks
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are smaller, they would most likely be watched more closely during business
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hours then say Telenet or Tymnet. Try to keep your scanning and tinkering
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down to a minimum on business hours to avoid any unnecessary trouble.
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Remember, things tend to last longer if you don't abuse the hell out of them.
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Summary -
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I hope this file helped you out a bit, and at least gave you a general idea
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of what PSNs are used for, and some of the advantages of using these networks.
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If you can find something interesting during your explorations of PSNs, or
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Private Data Networks, share it, and spread the knowledge around. Definitely
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exploit what you've found, and use it to your advantage, but don't abuse it.
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If you have any questions or comments, you reach me on -
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The FreeWorld II/Central Office/Forgotten Realm/TOP.
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I hope you enjoyed my file. Thanks for your time. I should be writing a
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follow up article to this one as soon as I can. Stay safe..
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- Epsilon
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______________________________________________________________________________
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- Thanks To -
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Prime Suspect/Sir Qix/The Technic/Empty Promise/The Leftist
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______________________________________________________________________________
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