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< li > < a href = "#python-bindings-to-mcaptcha-powhttpsgithubcommcaptchapow_sha256" > Python bindings to < a href = "https://github.com/mCaptcha/pow_sha256/" > mCaptcha PoW< / a > < / a > < / li >
< li > < a href = "#measuring-ddos-protection-effectiveness" > Measuring DDoS protection effectiveness< / a > < / li >
< li > < a href = "#refactor" > Refactor< / a > < / li >
< li > < a href = "#mcaptcha-is-now-on-the-fediverse" > mCaptcha is now on the Fediverse< / a > < / li >
< li > < a href = "#generic-hosting" > Generic hosting< / a > < / li >
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< h1 > May, 2022: Monthly Report< / h1 >
< p > < small > Posted June 10, 2022 by < a class = "stretched-link position-relative" href = "/contributors/aravinth-manivannan/" > Aravinth Manivannan< / a > ‐ < strong > 4 min read< / strong > < / small > < p >
2023-03-08 17:30:41 +05:30
< p > < small > Last Edited March 8, 2023< / small > < p >
2023-02-13 18:01:53 +05:30
< / div >
< p class = "lead" > We are mCaptcha. We build kickass CAPTCHA systems that give (DDoS) attackers a run for their money. And we do all of this without tracking your users. Oh and did I mention our UX is great?< / p >
< p > Hello and welcome to the May 2022 edition of the monthly report!< / p >
< p > mCaptcha, for a while was showing all the signs of a dead project:
no commits on the repositories and no monthly updates. But the project
is far from dead!< / p >
< h2 id = "python-bindings-to-mcaptcha-powhttpsgithubcommcaptchapow_sha256" > Python bindings to < a href = "https://github.com/mCaptcha/pow_sha256/" > mCaptcha PoW< / a > < / h2 >
< p > < a href = "https://github.com/mCaptcha/pow_py" > pow_py< / a > contains bindings to
< a href = "https://github.com/mCaptcha/pow_sha256" > pow_sha256< / a > , the
< a href = "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof_of_work" > proof-of-work< / a > library
that mCaptcha uses. For the uninitiated, the bindings allow for python
programs to automatically solve mCaptcha.< / p >
< p > So if you are writing a script to do some chore on your favourite
website that is protected by mCaptcha, you can now solve the mCaptcha
automatically from within the program.< / p >
< p > Here’ s an example:< / p >
< div class = "highlight" > < pre tabindex = "0" style = "color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#282a36;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;" > < code class = "language-python" data-lang = "python" > < span style = "display:flex;" > < span style = "white-space:pre;user-select:none;margin-right:0.4em;padding:0 0.4em 0 0.4em;color:#7f7f7f" > 1< / span > < span > < span style = "color:#ff79c6" > import< / span > os
< / span > < / span > < span style = "display:flex;" > < span style = "white-space:pre;user-select:none;margin-right:0.4em;padding:0 0.4em 0 0.4em;color:#7f7f7f" > 2< / span > < span >
< / span > < / span > < span style = "display:flex;" > < span style = "white-space:pre;user-select:none;margin-right:0.4em;padding:0 0.4em 0 0.4em;color:#7f7f7f" > 3< / span > < span > < span style = "color:#ff79c6" > import< / span > mcaptcha_pow_py
< / span > < / span > < span style = "display:flex;" > < span style = "white-space:pre;user-select:none;margin-right:0.4em;padding:0 0.4em 0 0.4em;color:#7f7f7f" > 4< / span > < span > < span style = "color:#ff79c6" > import< / span > requests
< / span > < / span > < span style = "display:flex;" > < span style = "white-space:pre;user-select:none;margin-right:0.4em;padding:0 0.4em 0 0.4em;color:#7f7f7f" > 5< / span > < span >
< / span > < / span > < span style = "display:flex;" > < span style = "white-space:pre;user-select:none;margin-right:0.4em;padding:0 0.4em 0 0.4em;color:#7f7f7f" > 6< / span > < span > < span style = "color:#6272a4" > # get the sitekey that is used in the mCaptcha protected form< / span >
< / span > < / span > < span style = "display:flex;" > < span style = "white-space:pre;user-select:none;margin-right:0.4em;padding:0 0.4em 0 0.4em;color:#7f7f7f" > 7< / span > < span > SITEKEY < span style = "color:#ff79c6" > =< / span > os< span style = "color:#ff79c6" > .< / span > getenv(< span style = "color:#f1fa8c" > " MCAPTCHA_CAPTCHA_SITEKEY" < / span > )
< / span > < / span > < span style = "display:flex;" > < span style = "white-space:pre;user-select:none;margin-right:0.4em;padding:0 0.4em 0 0.4em;color:#7f7f7f" > 8< / span > < span > < span style = "color:#6272a4" > # the hostname of the mCaptcha instance that the form is using< / span >
< / span > < / span > < span style = "display:flex;" > < span style = "white-space:pre;user-select:none;margin-right:0.4em;padding:0 0.4em 0 0.4em;color:#7f7f7f" > 9< / span > < span > MCAPTCHA_HOST < span style = "color:#ff79c6" > =< / span > os< span style = "color:#ff79c6" > .< / span > getenv(< span style = "color:#f1fa8c" > " MCAPTCHA_CAPTCHA_HOST" < / span > )
< / span > < / span > < span style = "display:flex;" > < span style = "white-space:pre;user-select:none;margin-right:0.4em;padding:0 0.4em 0 0.4em;color:#7f7f7f" > 10< / span > < span >
< / span > < / span > < span style = "display:flex;" > < span style = "white-space:pre;user-select:none;margin-right:0.4em;padding:0 0.4em 0 0.4em;color:#7f7f7f" > 11< / span > < span >
< / span > < / span > < span style = "display:flex;" > < span style = "white-space:pre;user-select:none;margin-right:0.4em;padding:0 0.4em 0 0.4em;color:#7f7f7f" > 12< / span > < span > GET_CONFIG_ROUTE < span style = "color:#ff79c6" > =< / span > < span style = "color:#f1fa8c" > f< / span > < span style = "color:#f1fa8c" > " < / span > < span style = "color:#f1fa8c" > {< / span > MCAPTCHA_HOST< span style = "color:#f1fa8c" > }< / span > < span style = "color:#f1fa8c" > /api/v1/pow/config" < / span >
< / span > < / span > < span style = "display:flex;" > < span style = "white-space:pre;user-select:none;margin-right:0.4em;padding:0 0.4em 0 0.4em;color:#7f7f7f" > 13< / span > < span > VERIFY_POW_ROUTE < span style = "color:#ff79c6" > =< / span > < span style = "color:#f1fa8c" > f< / span > < span style = "color:#f1fa8c" > " < / span > < span style = "color:#f1fa8c" > {< / span > MCAPTCHA_HOST< span style = "color:#f1fa8c" > }< / span > < span style = "color:#f1fa8c" > /api/v1/pow/verify" < / span >
< / span > < / span > < span style = "display:flex;" > < span style = "white-space:pre;user-select:none;margin-right:0.4em;padding:0 0.4em 0 0.4em;color:#7f7f7f" > 14< / span > < span >
< / span > < / span > < span style = "display:flex;" > < span style = "white-space:pre;user-select:none;margin-right:0.4em;padding:0 0.4em 0 0.4em;color:#7f7f7f" > 15< / span > < span > < span style = "color:#ff79c6" > def< / span > < span style = "color:#50fa7b" > solve_captcha< / span > ():
< / span > < / span > < span style = "display:flex;" > < span style = "white-space:pre;user-select:none;margin-right:0.4em;padding:0 0.4em 0 0.4em;color:#7f7f7f" > 16< / span > < span >
< / span > < / span > < span style = "display:flex;" > < span style = "white-space:pre;user-select:none;margin-right:0.4em;padding:0 0.4em 0 0.4em;color:#7f7f7f" > 17< / span > < span > < span style = "color:#6272a4" > # get challenge configuration< / span >
< / span > < / span > < span style = "display:flex;" > < span style = "white-space:pre;user-select:none;margin-right:0.4em;padding:0 0.4em 0 0.4em;color:#7f7f7f" > 18< / span > < span > key < span style = "color:#ff79c6" > =< / span > {< span style = "color:#f1fa8c" > " key" < / span > : sitekey}
< / span > < / span > < span style = "display:flex;" > < span style = "white-space:pre;user-select:none;margin-right:0.4em;padding:0 0.4em 0 0.4em;color:#7f7f7f" > 19< / span > < span > challenge_config < span style = "color:#ff79c6" > =< / span > requests< span style = "color:#ff79c6" > .< / span > post(GET_CONFIG_ROUTE, json< span style = "color:#ff79c6" > =< / span > key)
< / span > < / span > < span style = "display:flex;" > < span style = "white-space:pre;user-select:none;margin-right:0.4em;padding:0 0.4em 0 0.4em;color:#7f7f7f" > 20< / span > < span > challenge_config < span style = "color:#ff79c6" > =< / span > challenge_config< span style = "color:#ff79c6" > .< / span > json()
< / span > < / span > < span style = "display:flex;" > < span style = "white-space:pre;user-select:none;margin-right:0.4em;padding:0 0.4em 0 0.4em;color:#7f7f7f" > 21< / span > < span >
< / span > < / span > < span style = "display:flex;" > < span style = "white-space:pre;user-select:none;margin-right:0.4em;padding:0 0.4em 0 0.4em;color:#7f7f7f" > 22< / span > < span > < span style = "color:#6272a4" > # extract configuration data< / span >
< / span > < / span > < span style = "display:flex;" > < span style = "white-space:pre;user-select:none;margin-right:0.4em;padding:0 0.4em 0 0.4em;color:#7f7f7f" > 23< / span > < span > config < span style = "color:#ff79c6" > =< / span > mcaptcha_pow_py< span style = "color:#ff79c6" > .< / span > PoWConfig(challenge_config[< span style = "color:#f1fa8c" > " salt" < / span > ])
< / span > < / span > < span style = "display:flex;" > < span style = "white-space:pre;user-select:none;margin-right:0.4em;padding:0 0.4em 0 0.4em;color:#7f7f7f" > 24< / span > < span > pow_string < span style = "color:#ff79c6" > =< / span > challenge_config[< span style = "color:#f1fa8c" > " string" < / span > ]
< / span > < / span > < span style = "display:flex;" > < span style = "white-space:pre;user-select:none;margin-right:0.4em;padding:0 0.4em 0 0.4em;color:#7f7f7f" > 25< / span > < span > pow_difficulty_factor < span style = "color:#ff79c6" > =< / span > challenge_config[< span style = "color:#f1fa8c" > " difficulty_factor" < / span > ]
< / span > < / span > < span style = "display:flex;" > < span style = "white-space:pre;user-select:none;margin-right:0.4em;padding:0 0.4em 0 0.4em;color:#7f7f7f" > 26< / span > < span >
< / span > < / span > < span style = "display:flex;" > < span style = "white-space:pre;user-select:none;margin-right:0.4em;padding:0 0.4em 0 0.4em;color:#7f7f7f" > 27< / span > < span > < span style = "color:#6272a4" > # generate work< / span >
< / span > < / span > < span style = "display:flex;" > < span style = "white-space:pre;user-select:none;margin-right:0.4em;padding:0 0.4em 0 0.4em;color:#7f7f7f" > 28< / span > < span > work < span style = "color:#ff79c6" > =< / span > config< span style = "color:#ff79c6" > .< / span > work(pow_string, pow_difficulty_factor)
< / span > < / span > < span style = "display:flex;" > < span style = "white-space:pre;user-select:none;margin-right:0.4em;padding:0 0.4em 0 0.4em;color:#7f7f7f" > 29< / span > < span >
< / span > < / span > < span style = "display:flex;" > < span style = "white-space:pre;user-select:none;margin-right:0.4em;padding:0 0.4em 0 0.4em;color:#7f7f7f" > 30< / span > < span > < span style = "color:#6272a4" > # verify PoW< / span >
< / span > < / span > < span style = "display:flex;" > < span style = "white-space:pre;user-select:none;margin-right:0.4em;padding:0 0.4em 0 0.4em;color:#7f7f7f" > 31< / span > < span > proof < span style = "color:#ff79c6" > =< / span > {
< / span > < / span > < span style = "display:flex;" > < span style = "white-space:pre;user-select:none;margin-right:0.4em;padding:0 0.4em 0 0.4em;color:#7f7f7f" > 32< / span > < span > < span style = "color:#f1fa8c" > " key" < / span > : SITEKEY,
< / span > < / span > < span style = "display:flex;" > < span style = "white-space:pre;user-select:none;margin-right:0.4em;padding:0 0.4em 0 0.4em;color:#7f7f7f" > 33< / span > < span > < span style = "color:#f1fa8c" > " nonce" < / span > : work< span style = "color:#ff79c6" > .< / span > nonce,
< / span > < / span > < span style = "display:flex;" > < span style = "white-space:pre;user-select:none;margin-right:0.4em;padding:0 0.4em 0 0.4em;color:#7f7f7f" > 34< / span > < span > < span style = "color:#f1fa8c" > " result" < / span > : work< span style = "color:#ff79c6" > .< / span > result,
< / span > < / span > < span style = "display:flex;" > < span style = "white-space:pre;user-select:none;margin-right:0.4em;padding:0 0.4em 0 0.4em;color:#7f7f7f" > 35< / span > < span > < span style = "color:#f1fa8c" > " string" < / span > : challenge_config[< span style = "color:#f1fa8c" > " string" < / span > ],
< / span > < / span > < span style = "display:flex;" > < span style = "white-space:pre;user-select:none;margin-right:0.4em;padding:0 0.4em 0 0.4em;color:#7f7f7f" > 36< / span > < span > }
< / span > < / span > < span style = "display:flex;" > < span style = "white-space:pre;user-select:none;margin-right:0.4em;padding:0 0.4em 0 0.4em;color:#7f7f7f" > 37< / span > < span > resp < span style = "color:#ff79c6" > =< / span > requests< span style = "color:#ff79c6" > .< / span > post(VERIFY_POW_ROUTE, json< span style = "color:#ff79c6" > =< / span > proof)
< / span > < / span > < span style = "display:flex;" > < span style = "white-space:pre;user-select:none;margin-right:0.4em;padding:0 0.4em 0 0.4em;color:#7f7f7f" > 38< / span > < span > resp < span style = "color:#ff79c6" > =< / span > resp< span style = "color:#ff79c6" > .< / span > json()
< / span > < / span > < span style = "display:flex;" > < span style = "white-space:pre;user-select:none;margin-right:0.4em;padding:0 0.4em 0 0.4em;color:#7f7f7f" > 39< / span > < span >
< / span > < / span > < span style = "display:flex;" > < span style = "white-space:pre;user-select:none;margin-right:0.4em;padding:0 0.4em 0 0.4em;color:#7f7f7f" > 40< / span > < span > < span style = "color:#6272a4" > # extract verification token< / span >
< / span > < / span > < span style = "display:flex;" > < span style = "white-space:pre;user-select:none;margin-right:0.4em;padding:0 0.4em 0 0.4em;color:#7f7f7f" > 41< / span > < span > token < span style = "color:#ff79c6" > =< / span > resp[< span style = "color:#f1fa8c" > " token" < / span > ]
< / span > < / span > < span style = "display:flex;" > < span style = "white-space:pre;user-select:none;margin-right:0.4em;padding:0 0.4em 0 0.4em;color:#7f7f7f" > 42< / span > < span >
< / span > < / span > < span style = "display:flex;" > < span style = "white-space:pre;user-select:none;margin-right:0.4em;padding:0 0.4em 0 0.4em;color:#7f7f7f" > 43< / span > < span > < span style = "color:#ff79c6" > return< / span > token
< / span > < / span > < span style = "display:flex;" > < span style = "white-space:pre;user-select:none;margin-right:0.4em;padding:0 0.4em 0 0.4em;color:#7f7f7f" > 44< / span > < span >
< / span > < / span > < span style = "display:flex;" > < span style = "white-space:pre;user-select:none;margin-right:0.4em;padding:0 0.4em 0 0.4em;color:#7f7f7f" > 45< / span > < span >
< / span > < / span > < span style = "display:flex;" > < span style = "white-space:pre;user-select:none;margin-right:0.4em;padding:0 0.4em 0 0.4em;color:#7f7f7f" > 46< / span > < span > token < span style = "color:#ff79c6" > =< / span > solve_captcha()
< / span > < / span > < span style = "display:flex;" > < span style = "white-space:pre;user-select:none;margin-right:0.4em;padding:0 0.4em 0 0.4em;color:#7f7f7f" > 47< / span > < span > data < span style = "color:#ff79c6" > =< / span > {
< / span > < / span > < span style = "display:flex;" > < span style = "white-space:pre;user-select:none;margin-right:0.4em;padding:0 0.4em 0 0.4em;color:#7f7f7f" > 48< / span > < span > < span style = "color:#f1fa8c" > " username" < / span > : < span style = "color:#f1fa8c" > " me" < / span > ,
< / span > < / span > < span style = "display:flex;" > < span style = "white-space:pre;user-select:none;margin-right:0.4em;padding:0 0.4em 0 0.4em;color:#7f7f7f" > 49< / span > < span > < span style = "color:#f1fa8c" > " password" < / span > : < span style = "color:#f1fa8c" > " superlongpassword" < / span > ,
< / span > < / span > < span style = "display:flex;" > < span style = "white-space:pre;user-select:none;margin-right:0.4em;padding:0 0.4em 0 0.4em;color:#7f7f7f" > 50< / span > < span > < span style = "color:#f1fa8c" > " confirm_password" < / span > : < span style = "color:#f1fa8c" > " superlongpassword" < / span > ,
< / span > < / span > < span style = "display:flex;" > < span style = "white-space:pre;user-select:none;margin-right:0.4em;padding:0 0.4em 0 0.4em;color:#7f7f7f" > 51< / span > < span > < span style = "color:#f1fa8c" > " mcaptcha__token" < / span > : token,
< / span > < / span > < span style = "display:flex;" > < span style = "white-space:pre;user-select:none;margin-right:0.4em;padding:0 0.4em 0 0.4em;color:#7f7f7f" > 52< / span > < span > }
< / span > < / span > < span style = "display:flex;" > < span style = "white-space:pre;user-select:none;margin-right:0.4em;padding:0 0.4em 0 0.4em;color:#7f7f7f" > 53< / span > < span > response < span style = "color:#ff79c6" > =< / span > requests< span style = "color:#ff79c6" > .< / span > post(< span style = "color:#f1fa8c" > " /mCaptcha-protected-form" < / span > , data< span style = "color:#ff79c6" > =< / span > data)
< / span > < / span > < / code > < / pre > < / div > < p > This could be missed for building DDoS bots(more on that
< a href = "#measuring-ddos-protection-effectiveness" > here< / a > ) but this could also be
used to make CAPTCHA solving automated within screen readers and other
accessibility devices!< / p >
< h2 id = "measuring-ddos-protection-effectiveness" > Measuring DDoS protection effectiveness< / h2 >
< p > Proof-of-work has historically been a good method to achieve rate
limiting but how much attack can it, specifically mCaptcha’ s
implementation, withstand when compared to an unprotected endpoint? To
find out, we used the recently created Python bindings to the mCaptcha
PoW library, the excellent load testing tool,
< a href = "https://locust.io" > locust< / a > and wrote
< a href = "https://github.com/mCaptcha/dos" > mCaptcha/dos< / a > !< / p >
< p > < a href = "https://vitap.ac.in" > VIT AP< / a > kindly permitted me, @realaravinth, to use their network
security lab for setting up a isolated, contained testing environment to
mount a DDoS attack on a < a href = "https://github.com/mCaptcha/dos/tree/master/rust-server/demo-server" > test
server< / a >
instance.< / p >
< p > The initial topology consisted of one mCaptcha instance, one DDoS demo
server, one locust node running in leader configuration and six locust
nodes running in follower configuration. I was authorised to use the
netsec lab for three days, which unfortunately wasn’ t enough to go
finish running the experiment. < a href = "https://sibichakkaravarthy.github.io/" > Dr. Sibi Chakkaravarthy
Sethuraman< / a > has kindly offered to
arrange authorisation to use the netsec lab once again in July 2022,
during which I hope to finish running the experiment< / p >
< p > Special thanks to < a href = "http://ackr8.com/" > ackr-8< / a > and
< a href = "https://github.com/alan2000alex" > alan2000alex< / a > for help with setting up
infrastructure of the experiment.< / p >
< h2 id = "refactor" > Refactor< / h2 >
< p > mCaptcha underwent a major refactor during the month of May: We re-wrote
and cleaned up all database-related stuff for higher flexibility
and generally good architecture. This refactor lays the foundation
for implementing support for alternate database software
programs(we currently support PostgreSQL only).< / p >
< h2 id = "mcaptcha-is-now-on-the-fediverse" > mCaptcha is now on the Fediverse< / h2 >
< p > We recently joined the Fediverse on a
< a href = "https://docs.gotosocial.org/" > GoToSocial< / a > instance run by
@realaravinth. We’ ll soon be deleting our Twitter account in favour of
the Fediverse account.< / p >
< p > < strong > Fediverse account:< / strong >
< a href = "https://gts.batsense.net/@mcaptcha" > @mCaptcha@batsense.net< / a > < / p >
< h2 id = "generic-hosting" > Generic hosting< / h2 >
< p > I, @realaravinth, have been busy with < a href = "https://forgeflux.org" > ForgeFlux< / a >
and < a href = "https://hostea.org" > Hostea< / a > — both of which are < a href = "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forge_(software)" > software
forge< / a > related and so
when usable, will mostly improve the Free Software ecosystem. Hostea is
a project that aims to create a libre software development ecosystem and
provide managed hosting for the same. The project is < a href = "https://forum.hostea.org/t/a-guide-to-hostea-governance/57" > built by a
horizontal community< / a > , which allows for multiple service providers who
adhere to the Hostea policies to operate
under the Hostea umbrella — essentially allowing for the creation of
smaller, highly localised cooperatives.< / p >
< p > Cooperatives are interesting, and we believe that mCaptcha, too, can
benefit from such an architecture as it will prevent any one party from
single-handedly sabotaging the project. The experience gained from
Hostea will be reused in providing managed hosting for mCaptcha.< / p >
< p > By the end of this year, mCaptcha will reorganise into a horizontal
community and adopt < a href = "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_transparency#Radical_corporate_transparency" > radical transparency< / a > to improve trust and
reliability of the project< / p >
< blockquote >
< p > P.S: I, realaravinth, would do it sooner but I’ m a little busy right
now, so if someone is interested to help out do reach out and so that
we could do it sooner!< / p >
< / blockquote >
< p > In context of mCaptcha, radical transparency will include all decisions
publicly made, funding and expenses publicly documented, and all
collaborations, too, publicly documented. This of course doesn’ t imply
that private, personally identifiable information(addresses and phone
numbers, for instance) will be publicly disclosed. Such information will
be redacted and published.< / p >
< / article >
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